waste management in urban areas

• Garbage → result of human activity in urban → tremendous pressure on the environment → accumulate if not transported, water bodies
• Trash is secured at the landfill, was not able to secure the surrounding environment due to poor management (Open Dumping).

ISSUES

1. Waste dumped in landfill 60-70% → easy to decompose organic matter;
2. Leachate → value of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand Biological Oxygen = Needs) to reach thousands and even tens of thousands of ppm, heavy metals;
3. Decomposition process occurring in the landfill is anaerobic, thus forming harmful gases such as methane, H2S, mercaptan and other gases that can cause fires

Non Technical Issues:

1. Limited land;
2. Hygiene problems have not been the priority in the region;
3. Hygiene problem is a shared responsibility between government and society;
4. Law and legislation has not been implemented or enforced.

Waste Minimization

Efforts to reduce the volume, concentration, toxicity, and hazard level of waste from production processes → by way of reduction at source and / or utilization of waste.

Can provide economic benefits, among others:

a. Reducing the cost of transportation to final disposal;

b. Reducing the cost of final disposal;

c. Increasing revenue from the sale and use of waste.

HANDLING WASTE 3-R

Waste handling 3-R is a concept for dealing with waste in a way: reduce / reduce (R1), reuse / re-use (R2), and recycle / recycling (R3)

starting from the source

nutrients (nitrogen and phosphate)

• N-Nitrate and Nitrite N-N-artificial fertilizers.
• N-Phospate household detergent.
• N and P food, etc.
• Phospate organic chemical reactions (40%) and Dissolved Orthophospate (60%).
• Total Nitrogen Organic Nitrogen (60-65%), Ammonia (35-40%), Nitrate and Nitrite Nitrogen.
• Nitrogen and high levels of lead Phospate Phytoplankton growth (algae) that excessive that a lake can be eutrophication.

Negative Aspects of Eutropikasi

• Fish die due to potential fluctuations Oxygen levels : 1) 0 ² = 5 mg / l, fish go from there.;2) 0 ² = 2 mg / l, fish die (turn into an anaerobic environment).
• The occurrence of odor problems at night.
• Ecosystem becomes unstable.

PATHOGENIC

In developing countries there are about ± 80% of the disease be transmitted through the medium of water. It is caused by several bacteria viruses and protozoa such as:

• Coliform Faecel
• Vibrio cholerae
• Hepatitis A
• Giardia lamblia

According to research there are various types of microbial pathogens in wastewater, for example:

• 10 types of viruses, eg, viral hepatitis A virus and adenovirus
• 8 types of bacteria, eg, bacteria E-coli and bacterium vibrio cholerae
• 3 types of protozoa, eg, protozoa Entamoeba histolytica
• 8 types of worms, eg, worms Fasciola hepatica

. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

• Some types of pollutants that can be derived from Industrial Waste Water, as follows:
• Heavy metal (steel plant)
• Detergent (Textil Factory
• Pathogens, viruses (Hospital)
• Pesticides, Insecticides (Chemical Plant, Food, Textile)

wastewater characteristics

Practically it is difficult to determine a complete analysis of all parameters in the wastewater.
For the purposes of design and operation of wastewater treatment plants, some of the required parameters in classifying the waste water, as follows:
A. Solid Substance (Total Solid)
B. Organic Substances (Organic Matter)
C. Nutrient (Nitrogen and Phospate)
D. Pathogens
E. Industrial Wastewater

Solids consist of:
TDS (Total Dissolved Solid).
TSS (Total Suspended Solid).

For example:
Waste water = 700 mg / l (total solid), comprising:
250 mg / l = suspended solid
450 mg / l = filterable Solid:
50 mg / l colloidal
400 mg / l Dissolved Solid

Organic matter consists of:
Carbohydrates with a composition of C, H, O (30-50%)
Fats / Oils with the composition C, H, N, O (10%)
Protein composition of C, H, O, N, S, P (40-60%)

The parameters are always in use in measuring levels of organic substances contained in waste water is "oxygen demand" with the measurement of BOD or COD (permanganate or dichromate Mn04 = CR ² 07 ²).

understanding of waste water

Wastewater is used water that is not used resulting from various human activities in the use of clean water daily.

In an urban area, the wastewater generated is generally dominated by domestic activity a day - the day, especially the use of bathroom and kitchen that produces waste water is called greywater and use of toilets that produce waste water is called blackwater

Industrial wastewater small home located in a residential area in many respects is still considered a domestic waste water, so the pattern is also incorporated with the handling of domestic waste water management.

The main purpose of WWTP: to provide protection for the environment against;

1. High levels of solids
2. The number of organic substances
3. The low levels of oxigen
4. Number of nutrient content (N and P)
5. The high hazardous substances
6. The occurrence of contamination with pathogenic organisms

In order that:

1. The creation of a healthy environment for the life of flora and fauna
2. The use of water resources can be optimally used (clean water, recreation, irrigation and navigation)
3. Can prevent the onset of various diseases through the water

LIVING HUMAN NEEDS: a fulfillment

every living being has basic needs that are satisfied by the availability of resources in the environment.

ecological resources: everything in the environment (ecosystems) needed by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce normally. (Food, water, air, protection)

economic resources: everything from the environment (ecosystem) to meet human needs and desires. (Food, water, air, shelter, goods, products, transportation, communication and recreation)

Traditional Current Market Conditions

1. The change of consumer behavior is not accompanied by changes in behavior the managers of traditional markets (Office of Market / PD. Market), so the emergence market with modern management pattern immediately improved orientation consumers.
2. Traditional markets synonymous with slums, chaotic, dirty, action high crime, uncomfortable, uncertain price (bargain) minimal facilities such as parking, toilets, garbage, electricity, water, roads muddy and narrow
3. Based on AC Nielsen survey, the growth of modern markets (including Hypermarkets) by 31% while the traditional market is - 8.1% (SWA, December edition, 2004)
4. Invasion of the modern market / hypermarket with the support of large capital strength, system, and modern technology, dealing directly with market traders traditional
5. The existence of traditional market indicators turnover decreased to 75%, in 2004 in Jakarta, there are 7 markets already liquidated (Blora, Cilincing, Cipinang Besar, Kramat Jaya, Muncang, Plumpung Central and sinar utara).