Urban development planning in Indonesia

government has realized that the plan is expensive. But much more expensive is the development without planning. It is felt at all on urban development. In terms of urban development planning, in Indonesia has long held, beginning with the enactment of De Statuten van 1642, specifically for the city of Batavia (now Jakarta. The next period stipulated by the Indonesian Government Ordinance Standsvorming, Staatblaad No. 168 1948. This provision is effective until the enactment Act No. 24 of 1992 on Spatial Planning, which expressly revoked the entry into force Standsvorming Ordinance, Staatblaad No. 168 of 1948, the colonial-smelling.

Although the law on the new Spatial Planning established in 1992, which is exactly on October 13, 1992, this does not mean that the activities of urban spatial planning is not done by the Government. Beginning around the 1970s, a comprehensive spatial planning has been carried out under the responsibility of the Directorate General of Cipta Karya Department of Public Works, in cooperation with DG PUOD (Public Administration and Regional Autonomy) Department of the Interior. In general spatial pattern at that time was more referring to the spatial patterns in Europe, namely the pattern pemintakatan or strict zoning.

In the execution of the zoning pattern of spatial products are not effective, so the published instructions of the Minister of Interior No.: 30 of 1985 on Forest Law Enforcement and Regulations in the Context of Urban Management, which was followed by the issuance of: (a) the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 7 of 1986 concerning City Boundary Determination Across Indonesia, and (b) Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 2 of 1987 on Guidelines for City Planning. Both regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs is the reference of the parties involved in the preparation of urban spatial structure, prior to the enactment of Government Regulation on Implementation of Spatial Planning Act.

Product urban spatial planning that refers to both regulations the Minister of the Interior is felt to be more flexible (flexible), because it is more based on trends, and every 5 (five) years were evaluated and if there is deviation could be revised again. But in the absence of sanctions against violations of this city spatial plan also indicates the uncertainty of urban spatial plan which has been designated as local regulation.

The study found that in general drift towards urban spatial planning actually begins with government policies. This means local governments in charge of urban spatial planning is less consistent in carrying out urban development. As a major cause of lack of effective urban spatial plans (with indicators of various deviations) are in addition to lack of coordination between government offices, are also less inclusion of the community, so that the aspirations of less traffic load on the master plan of the city.

Of the things on the above can be said that the establishment of local regulations on urban spatial planning is just a formality, in accordance with the provisions of the Minister of the Interior. But starting from the preparation process, until the implementation and execution is far from what is desired by the rules basically.

District strategic Area Development Strategy ( KSK )

In general, the actual problem in the development of KSK is the absence of clear direction regarding the KSK development strategy, both short and medium term. The preparation of this strategy has been mandated in the document Minutes Of Discusslon (MOD) JBIC Loan Agreement Loan LP-543 Indonesian Government signed with Japan Bank for International Corporation (JBIC) on 14 November 2006. In the MOD stated that for the development of KSK needs a national strategy and guide the development of KSK which will become a reference for local governments during the period of 5 years. This document outlines includes 3 aspects, namely: area (master plan), commodities and businesses (business plan), as well as institutional and financing (institutional and financing plan). Area Development Strategy is the formulation of medium-term development approach to the region, based on field studies and review of the KSK and documents related to spatial planning, (RTRWP, RTRWK), regional development policy (Renstrada Propeda, etc.) as well as other sectoral policies. This strategy includes the provision of regional infrastructure such as regional planning, infrastructure development center, and construction of infrastructure facilities KSK (upstream subsystem, the subsystem-farm, downstream processing subsystem, subsystem downstream marketing, and supporting subsystems.)
Commodity Development Strategy and Business include:
a) intensification of agricultural land
b) provision of agricultural inputs horticulture plantation fisheries, and livestock
c) improving the quality of commodities and marketing;
d) human resource development; and
e) institutional development.
Institutional development and financing strategies include:
a. increasing the role of government as facilitator of development
b. increasing community participation and private;
c. ad-hoc institutional development manager KSK; and
d. community assistance

Substance Documents RPJM KSK

Substance RPJM KSK at least contain the following: general description (coverage of functional and administrative regions, sectors and types of commodities), commodity development and business analysis (scale of production, supply chain and business, marketing pattern of capital and technology), analysis of regional development (physical condition, structure space, space utilization patterns, an indication of the development area of the map scale, and duration of the plan), institutional analysis and financing, policy and strategy development KSK, and development plans of KSK-related stages of development programs and annual events, as well as indicators of success.

Institutional Analysis and Institutional Financing includes KSK (the role of Government and local government, private, community, and manager of KSK ) and other sources of financing (APBN, APBD, government and private cooperation, private investment, and government organizations).

Cover

In conclusion it would need to be reiterated that the KSK in accordance with Law No. 26 of 2007 is an excellent area established under the strategic value of the region. To realize the area really well integrated in terms of regions, commodities and business, as well as institutional and financing, the Bappenas as PNPM-PISEW Coordinating Agency should develop guidance on the technical steps that must be done local government from choosing the location of the establishment until the preparation of Development Plan - her. Giving this guide does not connote an impressive top-down central intervention in the development of the KSK. The existence of this would be a learning guide for Local Government, like the adage "Once grabbed oars, two-three islands exceeded." First, to review local policies related to determining the location of KSK in 2008. Second, the CWC can develop a structured Development Plan document systematic and accommodative to various development activities proposed by KSK, so it will be more focus directs the various sources of financing and a variety of roles among levels of government and business world and society during the period of 5 years.
The three when KSK PNPM-PISEW well developed and considered successful, the Local Government can set it as the KSK as mandated by Law No. 26 of 2007. Clearly manual or guide is needed to know how (how to) start some activity 'Start something right will determine how far the level of success.

recycling and composting waste

Recycling using the principle of 2-R 3-R → use again (reuse) and recycling (recycle).1. Using BackThe presumption of garbage (not useful) → object that can be recovered without going through the process of production.
2. RecyclingUsed as industrial raw materials (raw material) in the production process (reprocessing and remanufacture) → experiencing changes in both form and function.
Advantages:

1. Helping ease the burden on urban waste management;
2. In terms of the social community, to enhance community participation in the management of municipal waste and increase family income;
3. Potential to reduce urban environmental pollution;
4. Help conserve natural resources;
5. Generate new resources from waste.

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waste management in urban areas

• Garbage → result of human activity in urban → tremendous pressure on the environment → accumulate if not transported, water bodies
• Trash is secured at the landfill, was not able to secure the surrounding environment due to poor management (Open Dumping).

ISSUES

1. Waste dumped in landfill 60-70% → easy to decompose organic matter;
2. Leachate → value of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand Biological Oxygen = Needs) to reach thousands and even tens of thousands of ppm, heavy metals;
3. Decomposition process occurring in the landfill is anaerobic, thus forming harmful gases such as methane, H2S, mercaptan and other gases that can cause fires

Non Technical Issues:

1. Limited land;
2. Hygiene problems have not been the priority in the region;
3. Hygiene problem is a shared responsibility between government and society;
4. Law and legislation has not been implemented or enforced.

Waste Minimization

Efforts to reduce the volume, concentration, toxicity, and hazard level of waste from production processes → by way of reduction at source and / or utilization of waste.

Can provide economic benefits, among others:

a. Reducing the cost of transportation to final disposal;

b. Reducing the cost of final disposal;

c. Increasing revenue from the sale and use of waste.

HANDLING WASTE 3-R

Waste handling 3-R is a concept for dealing with waste in a way: reduce / reduce (R1), reuse / re-use (R2), and recycle / recycling (R3)

starting from the source

nutrients (nitrogen and phosphate)

• N-Nitrate and Nitrite N-N-artificial fertilizers.
• N-Phospate household detergent.
• N and P food, etc.
• Phospate organic chemical reactions (40%) and Dissolved Orthophospate (60%).
• Total Nitrogen Organic Nitrogen (60-65%), Ammonia (35-40%), Nitrate and Nitrite Nitrogen.
• Nitrogen and high levels of lead Phospate Phytoplankton growth (algae) that excessive that a lake can be eutrophication.

Negative Aspects of Eutropikasi

• Fish die due to potential fluctuations Oxygen levels : 1) 0 ² = 5 mg / l, fish go from there.;2) 0 ² = 2 mg / l, fish die (turn into an anaerobic environment).
• The occurrence of odor problems at night.
• Ecosystem becomes unstable.

PATHOGENIC

In developing countries there are about ± 80% of the disease be transmitted through the medium of water. It is caused by several bacteria viruses and protozoa such as:

• Coliform Faecel
• Vibrio cholerae
• Hepatitis A
• Giardia lamblia

According to research there are various types of microbial pathogens in wastewater, for example:

• 10 types of viruses, eg, viral hepatitis A virus and adenovirus
• 8 types of bacteria, eg, bacteria E-coli and bacterium vibrio cholerae
• 3 types of protozoa, eg, protozoa Entamoeba histolytica
• 8 types of worms, eg, worms Fasciola hepatica

. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

• Some types of pollutants that can be derived from Industrial Waste Water, as follows:
• Heavy metal (steel plant)
• Detergent (Textil Factory
• Pathogens, viruses (Hospital)
• Pesticides, Insecticides (Chemical Plant, Food, Textile)

wastewater characteristics

Practically it is difficult to determine a complete analysis of all parameters in the wastewater.
For the purposes of design and operation of wastewater treatment plants, some of the required parameters in classifying the waste water, as follows:
A. Solid Substance (Total Solid)
B. Organic Substances (Organic Matter)
C. Nutrient (Nitrogen and Phospate)
D. Pathogens
E. Industrial Wastewater

Solids consist of:
TDS (Total Dissolved Solid).
TSS (Total Suspended Solid).

For example:
Waste water = 700 mg / l (total solid), comprising:
250 mg / l = suspended solid
450 mg / l = filterable Solid:
50 mg / l colloidal
400 mg / l Dissolved Solid

Organic matter consists of:
Carbohydrates with a composition of C, H, O (30-50%)
Fats / Oils with the composition C, H, N, O (10%)
Protein composition of C, H, O, N, S, P (40-60%)

The parameters are always in use in measuring levels of organic substances contained in waste water is "oxygen demand" with the measurement of BOD or COD (permanganate or dichromate Mn04 = CR ² 07 ²).