transport system

• System activity: 

1. the movement of people and goods  : socio-economic, young vs. old, mother vs. career household, kindergarten student vs. student, worker versus manager, etc.; residential vs. office buildings, agricultural vs. industrial, metropolitan vs small town. 
2. High quality / high quantity : trip activity (volume, frequency, distance, mode, convergence / spatial temporal

• Network Systems: Infrastructure & services (highways, railroads, terminals, airports, ports, ASDP, etc.. The higher the infrastructure & services 

1. higher the quality & quantity of the resulting movement

• Movement System: 

1. Volume : people, goods, modes, etc.; 
2. mean : schools, shopping, production & distribution (of goods), etc.; 
3. Time : peak hours, holidays, interstate, etc.); 
4. Distance : km, hours; 
5. Speed : km / hours; 
6. frequency : vehicles / min; 
7. Moda : (single / multi), walk, rickshaw, car, bus, boat, plane, etc.

• Institutional system: 

1. legal aspects : UU, PP, policy, spatial planning, incentives and disincentives; energy policy, concerned with "eating" vs. "bad", etc; human resources, funding (O & M)

• Environmental Systems Internal & external: 

1. social, cultural, political, physical, technological (non-rickshaws in Padang : culture; 
2. Lembang : physical 
3. brawl & demos : social / political

• Space Systems / Spatial: 

1. local, regional, national, international. Agenda FAA, holidays, long holiday : Bandung, Jakarta traffic jams, etc.

SYSTEMS APPROACH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Management of natural resources and environment are things that contain a lot of challenges.This includes land resources, water, air, vegetation, and energy very owe influence of human activities and attitudes. A fundamental problem is that each component of the interconnected environment and can generate events that are not desired. For example, river water pollution associated with wastewater output related to various factors, such as sources of waste, waste characteristics, accumulated waste, waste handling process, method and location of disposal, transportation of waste in river flow, and the influence of waste on aquatic biota, and water use by human.

In general, each component can be analyzed separately, but the actual river water pollution problems are the result of interaction and collective influence of a system of wastewater pollution.

Environmental problems, if examined in the system will provide many uses.Problematic can be calculated by the totality of which the most effective control work can be found. In the example of pollution of the river waters, a systems approach will be able to produce a combination of source reduction of waste, methods of handling, and disposal sites more effective and allow lower costs through improved handling of it. A consequence of the systems perspective on environmental quality is likely to widen the application of alternative control strategies and opportunities for efficient and integrated managerial

Spatial approach

Spatial approach is a perspective or frame of analysis emphasizes the existence of space for emphasis. The existence of space in the perspective of geography can be seen from the structure (spatial structure), pattern (spatial pattern), and processes (spatial processes) (Yunus, 1997). In the context of spatial phenomena there are differences in appearance of the structure, pattern and process. Spatial structure with respect to the elements forming the space.These elements can be summarized in three main forms, namely: (1) appearance point (point features), (2) the appearance of lines (line features), and (3) appearance of the field (area features).

The framework approach to spatial analysis starting point on the problem of the composition of the elements forming the space. The analysis was done by answering the following questions.

1. What? Space structure is that?

2. Where? Where the fabric of space is located?

3. When? When did these space structures are formed like that?

4. Why? Why is the fabric of space is formed like that?

5. How? What is the process of formation such structures?

6. Who suffers what WHO and what benefits? How to structure

Spatial is utilized in such a manner for the benefit of mankind. Positive and negative impacts of the existence of such a space is always associated with human interests in the present and future.

Data Entry System

In this section we will learn techniques incorporate spatial data from the above sources into the GIS, including:
1. Digitization
2. Use of GPS
3. Conversion from other systems

Spatial data formats

In GIS, spatial data can be represented in two formats, namely:

1. vektor
In vector format data, our earth is represented as a mosaic of the line (arc / line), polygons (area bounded by the line that starts and ends at the same point), point / point (nodes that have a label), and nodes (A point of intersection between two lines).
The main advantage of vector data format is the accuracy in representing point features, boundaries and straight lines.This is very useful for analysis that requires precision positioning, for example at the boundaries of cadastral database.Examples of other uses is to define the spatial relationship of some features.The main drawback of vector data is its inability to accommodate a gradual change.

2. raster
Raster data (or also called grid cells) is the data generated from remote sensing systems.In raster data, geographic object is represented as a grid cell structure called a pixel (picture element).In raster data, resolution (visual definition) depends on its pixel size.
In other words, pixel resolution describes the actual size of the earth's surface represented by each pixel in the image.The smaller the size of the Earth's surface is represented by a single cell, the higher the resolution.
Raster data is very good to represent the boundaries change gradually, such as soil type, soil moisture, vegetation, soil temperature, etc..The main limitation is the large size of the raster data file; the higher the resolution of its grid, the greater the file size.

Each format has its advantages and disadvantages of data.Selection of data format used depends on the intended use, the available data volume of data generated, the desired accuracy, and ease of analysis.Vector data is relatively more economical in terms of file size and precision in the location, but very difficult to use in computational mathematics.In contrast, raster data file storage space usually requires a larger and less precise location, but it is mathematically easier to use.

Coordinate Systems

Location information is determined based on the coordinate system, among which include datum and projection maps.Datum is a collection of parameters and control points which geometric relationships are known, either through measurement or calculation.While the map projection system is a system designed to represent the curved surface of a field or a spheroid (eg earth) on a flat field.This causes distortion of the representation process that needs to be taken into account to obtain the accuracy of some kinds of properties, such as distance, angle, or area.