MAP OF KECAMATAN BATANG JENEPONTO REGION

Economic problems and Elements Growth

economics as a scientific study evolved from the works of the moralists, philosophers, traders and lenders. By the XVIII century, the works of the Merchantilist, like David Hame emphasize the importance of foreign trade and of the Fisiokrat like F Quesnay, pioneer of inter-industry tables that are considered very important for the development of industry and agriculture. Two of this doctrine is strongly influenced by events at the time of trade development and industrial growth and revival of the agricultural revolution.

In the mid-eighteenth century came the second half of the flow of the Liberal Economy (Classical), which was pioneered by Adam Smith. Adam Smith, considered the Father of Economics. Any society, whether countries that have been developed or developing country, whether urban or rural community people, all the economic problems facing three fundamental and interrelated that must be disclosed, namely:

1. Commodities what to produce and how much.
How many goods and services must be made and when made, whether we should make more food than on clothes or vice versa.
2. How is the commodity produced, performed by whom, using the factors where and with what technique.
3. For whom the commodity is produced, anyone who benefit from the existence of these goods and services, how the national product is distributed to everyone.

Principal economic problem includes options related to (1) consumption, (2) production, (3) distribution and (4) growth over time. Consumption; members of the public are urged to determine the type of goods and services they want to use and is consumed. There is also a matter of choice between goods that are used in private and provided by government such as roads, irrigation and defense.

Production of goods and services produced by using various modes of production depending on the level of production technology. Thus how the use of raw materials, equipment (capital) and labor to various kinds. Distribution; how the output (output) in the form of goods should be distributed among the various owners of the means of production, labor, capital and land. Growth over time, developing countries should pay more attention to growth, the growth of important means for achieving the level of development (prosperity) is higher.

Historians and social scientists have long noticed differences in the level of economic growth among the nations. Some older theories emphasize climatic factors and argued that all developed countries in temperate climates. The view further emphasis on indigenous factors, culture or religion as the major determinant as a powerful motivating force that drives to achieve prosperity.

Indeed, these theories is true to some extent but still many remain unexplained. In order to understand the diversity of economic journey, we must turn to a broader explanation. Over the last few decades economists are very interested in economic growt

W.W. Rostow put forward a theory that divides the economic growth in several stages, namely:
1. Traditional society
2. Prerequisites for take-off
3. Takeoff
4. The movement toward maturity (the drive to maturity)
5. High mass consumption

Rostow The analysis is based on an analysis of economic and non-economic analysis that led to the economic growth of a society. Stages of economic growth actually be based on the dynamic state of demand,
supply and production patterns. elements of growth in developed countries and countries
developed was not different, just different levels of needs and scarcity of production factors. Engine of economic progress moves on four wheels, namely:
1. Human resources (labor availability, population, discipline, motivation, and others)
2. Natural resources (land, minerals, fuel, climate and other)
3. Capital formation (machinery, factories, highways, and others)
4. The level of technology (knowledge, engineering, management, entrepreneurship and others)

Developing countries should pay attention to the quality of human resources at their disposal. The planners of economic development usually always make a specific program, namely the eradication of disease and improved health and nutrition, as well as improving the quality of education. educated people will become more productive workers, because it berkernbang countries must invest huge funds for education programs.

In poor countries, the workforce in many rural areas that are not productive, not because they do not want to work, but because not enough land and capital that can be worked effectively. In developing countries, a valuable natural resource has not been excavated, the most important natural resource is agricultural land, therefore the utilization of agricultural land must be productive, followed by conservation programs, proper fertilization and Cultivation
to raise capital funds required the sacrifice of consumption for several decades, but the problem of developing countries already on the verge of subsistence living standards. to reduce consumption will again cause huge economic woes.

The fourth factor is a vital technology. Developing countries have the potential to utilize technical skills developed countries. Seeing Japan and the United States experience, it appears that technology adaptation is an easy recipe, although not that easy for other countries. experience shows that entrepreneurship is needed
(entrepreneurship) for advanced technology ideas that can be run successfully.

AGRARIAN CONFLICT IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ESTATE COMPANY COMMUNITY (The case of conflict between farmers with PT. PP Lonsum in Bulukumba)

This research aims; to know the relationship pattern between government and private sectors, community in micro and macro levels regarding to the conflict happened between PT Lonsum with farmer society, to analyzed consideration of morale and farmers as well as the influence of external factor in formulating latent conflict to become mani fest conflict between PT Lonsum with farmer society, to analyzed social and economic consequence from mani fest conflict between PT Lonsum with farmer society and to identi fied the forms of conflict resolutions in process of accomodation between PT Lonsum with farmer society. Result of research indicat ed that the conflict of relationship agraria between PT. Lonsum with bulukumba society is resultant of various factors related and influenced each other, such as dynamics of plantation history in bulukumba regency, subsistence crisis of bulukumba society, and government policy in agrarian problem. Therefor the conflict resolution could be overcome through accomodation process by coercion, adjudication, tolerantion, stalemate, conciliation, arbitration, mediation and compromise.

The new paradigm of development directed to achieving regional development objectives, namely growth (growth), equity (equity), and sustainability (sustainability) (Anwar and Rustiadi, 2000). Socio-economic development in Indonesia is characterized by a combination of market-oriented agricultural and domestic needs, industrialization and urbanization, large-scale forest exploitation and migration. In the New Order era, the state has a major and prominent role in economic development. Government intervention in the management of natural resources is very high so many resources are managed to move from local residents to the government, after the new order rajim fallen, demand the implementation of land reform back sticking out.

Together with the newly formed farmer organizations, NGOs concerned with the rights of rural communities and natural resource management began to launch a pressure change. Among them is the Consortium for Agrarian Reform-KPA, a consortium of NGOs and farmer organizations in Indonesia, based in Bandung and WALHI.

They called for restoration of land ownership rights of the people, both for farmers and farm lands for indigenous peoples. They criticized the activities of the World Bank's land registration project which they completely ignored the recognition of customary rights in land ownership (Down To Earth, 1999).

One of the largest agrarian conflict in South Sulawesi is the occurrence of conflicts between owners of capital, PT Company Plantation London Sumatra (PT PP Lonsum) with farming communities in the District Kajang Bulukumba. This conflict began in 1981 due to an area of 546.6 ha of land evictions in the village of Bonto Biraeng and 373 ha in the village of Jojolo, then continued in 1982, the company PT PP Lonsum rubber planting mines in the Village area of 200 ha, while threatening the people who dare fight with weapons.

At that time as many as 253 farmers in several villages in the district Bulukumpa and Kajang began struggling filed a lawsuit over ownership of land. But after that the Village area of 500 ha Tibona evicted.

PT Lonsum also managed to master the Ahan who tilled the people in the village of Bonto Biraeng the Year 1984. Two years later (1986), five farmers arrested for fighting government. Evictions occur in the Village Tugondeng 30 ha. A number of houses and gardens are also being evicted and burned. This condition is then repeated again in 1988, by displacing Tammato Village area of 800 hectares and many homes were burned. Some lands that are considered sacred by the tribe Kajang also evicted. Year 1989 - 1991, Village Tibona 500 ha evicted, the people who fight by means of burning rubber tree and then caught by the police.

Taking land area of 300 ha in the village of Bonto Mangiring, and evictions 300 homes with bulldozers, while people who tried to survive then shot occurred in 1994 (Tempo, 7/01/2004). In 1998 the Supreme Court won gugutan 253 farmers on the land area 200 ha, or based on natural boundaries: east with Balanglohe River, north of the River Galogo, west with garden Kodam XIV, danselatan with people's gardens in the village of Bulo-Bulo. Apparently after measured based on the natural boundary of land won by an area of 540.6 ha. This is what triggers the next round of disputes between communities and the PT Lonsum. Furthermore, PN Bulukumba followed by executing the decision of the Supreme Court, which declared 560 ha of land area in accordance with the natural boundary. People are starting to take over their land according to the decision of the Supreme Court in 1999.

Conflict is certainly as bad as an accumulation of various reasons. Chronology of conflict between farmers and PT PP Lonsum keagrarian is evidence that the problem is still a problem with huge potential to cause conflict between the interested parties concerned over it. This is the root of the problem which would be studied in depth, from a chronological point of agrarian conflict in the relationship with the communities.

Some of the classification region

Territorial division based on the center-periphery region (centreperiphery), although the basic classification, but can be very rough as a useful policy framework for regional development. Bernard Okun and Richard W. Ridrardson create a classification based on the level prosperity and growing capabilities of each region. The level of prosperity expressed by regional income per capita, and the ability to grow is reflected by the growth rate of development. Furthermore, based on these criteria, the various regions can be classified into 4 groups, as follows:

1. The areas of low-income per capita and less developed or low per capita and stagnant regions (LS).

2. The areas of income per capita is high but less developed or high per capita income and stagnant regions (HS).

3. The areas of income per capita is low but growing or low per capita income and growing regions (LG).

4. The areas of high per capita income and growing or high per capita in come, and growing regions (HG).

The classification above can be used to determine the extent of the influence of internal mobility of population resources, capital and other production factors, as well as trade flows between regions, whether to provide benefits or otherwise will create obstacles in the growth areas, both in the region of origin and in destination region. As an example can be mentioned, namely the short-term migration of population out of the area are low-income per capita to developing regions will tend to affect the level of incompatibility between the two regions,

and its influence in the long term will provide the benefits of good growth in the region of origin and in destination areas.

Another example, that migration flows into the region per capita income high and growing per capita than low-income areas and less developed in general consists of low-quality labor force, this will reduce the level of income per capita in the destination, in other hand reduces the labor supply in the region of origin, which in turn tend to be increasing income per capita in the region.

J. Friedmann and W. Aloson showing classification consisting of four development areas, namely (i) metropolitan regions, (1I) deoelopmenat xes, (iii) the frontier regions, d an (iv) depressed regions. Metropolitan regions or metropolitan areas are often referred to as a core regions (core areas). These development centers are usually the big cities with all the activities and facilities industry, trade, transport and communications, finance and banking, and government administration, all of which have major influence on the development of surrounding areas (hinterland) and other small towns (small centers).

Development axes or axis of development, covering areas located on the transportation network that connects two or more metropolitan areas. Roughly speaking we can say that the prospects of development these areas will more or less proportional to the level and extent of development of the territories they relate. As an example can be noted that the axis of development in Japan focuses on three major areas namely the Tokyo-Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, and Osaka-Kobe.

Frontier regions or border areas. With the advancement of new technology, population pressure, as well as new national goals often point to encourage development in areas that have not been processed (oirgin areas).

Depressed regions or areas of stagnation or decline in development because it has no potential for development of reliable resources, such as arid and arid regions. Other zoning system in some countries could be offered, for example in the Netherlands (Regional Economic Policy 1977-1980) classification consists of (i) centers

lgrowth scattered growth centers), (ii) the region that has a drive for development (incentiae area) located in the Northeast, (iii) the restructured region (restructuring area) who are at the tengatr, and (iv) areas that have been restricted (restriction area \ that is the province located in the South.

In France in the homogeneous region are met: (i) areas that are very advanced (the most highly developed regions) consisting of the city of Paris and the surrounding areas, the areas north and east, (ii) the newly developed area (The

newly developing zones) such as regions of Lyon and Provence, and (iii) areas that are underdeveloped and slow growth (less developed and Slowly growing regions) which includes the French territories of the West, Southwest and Central .. In Canada there Hartland terms of concentration of industrial activities and their supporters are more advanced than the hinterland (the back)

Develop the concept of Spatial Economic region

In the discussion of regional problems are the use of various terms. There are some authors (of whom Boudeville) use spatial terms, although between the region and there are spatial but not substantial difference. Regarding the spatial understanding itself turned out not merge because a different view considering that the studies that are multi-discipline area (of Earth Sciences, Economics, Social Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and others). so the spatial structure have many different terms.

Spatial structure can be interpreted as a traditional environment of human life, have provisions and its own ability to regulate the activities of its inhabitants, and even the spatial structure is considered as one of the goals of development. logically and historically, according Boudeville spatial structure can be divided into three terms, namely spatial economics, spatial geographic region, and spatial mathematics. The concept of spatial economics has a more operational sense, for example associated with capital investment, transport networks, industrial, and agricultural technologies create new developments, which include the materials of new materials and new rules. The concept of economic spatial layout can be distinguished by geographic region

Earth Sciences experts put humans in the natural environment, contrary economists regard the environment as one of the factors that influence human activities. Spatial geographic area is a three-dimensional spatial structure, while the economic spatial structure is more complex and multi-dimensional nature.

Spatial economy with different spatial mathematics, namely mathematical spatial truly is abstract and has nothing to do with geographic location. if a spatial structure is formed solely by economic variables, the spatial structure is the spatial structure of mathematics, which means that mathematically can happen everywhere, but otherwise the economic spatial structure is the application of economic variables in above for human needs on a geographic spatial, and through a mathematical transformation can be explained the economic process.

In terms of formal relationship development, spatial economics is a field or arena of power (a field of forces), is a spatial polarization, namely as a place where there is a concentration or concentration of economic activities which are relatively large (the factories and corporations) and significantly different than the surrounding areas. In the field of industrial activity can be shown that the greater the gap in terms of productivity levels in urban and in rural areas, which raised the problem of spatial inequality.

In the abstract, spatial economics emphasizes the aspects of convergence process of growth at the spatial points (Perroux). Within the framework of the analysis area, geographic dimension has been put into effect the development center, this means that the spatial economy is very closely related

with a spatial geographic region (Boudeille). According to Friedmann, Development comes at a small number of centers that change lies in the interaction point which has the highest potential; development tends to spread down and out from these centers into the surrounding area who have lower interaction potential, but does not address the problem of optimum site selection industry and does not specify what type of investment also should be established in urban centers, therefore classified as Friedmann theory without spatial structure (spacelesss) as well as the theory of Perroux although the scope of broader review.

Economic Implications of Regional Spatial planning Dimensions

Location theory to discuss the determinants of the location of an industry or factory in the right location that is at the point of having the lowest costs (least cost). While the economy of a region (regional) discussed the interaction between various resources (human, natural, capital, technology and institutional) on the surface area to meet community development needs and the expected progress effectively and efficiently. Goals from both theory (the theory of the location of regional economic dah) although not the same but show similarities direction, often regarded as a step child (stepchildren) within the family of Economics, which means having a very close relationship between them.

Traditional economic theory ignored the spatial aspect. Although the classical economists was Adam Smith's pioneering yanq wrote many scientific works on a series of evolutionary developments in economic activity. Their formal analysis can be said to be static and without spatial structure; by Walter Isard said to be "a wonderland of no spatial dimensions." The validity of economic laws is absolute (absolute), means universally applicable, equal to all the places (countries) and the whole time. Not surprising that this statement has been attracting more reaction.

A manifestation of these reactions is of economists mashab (flow). history (historical) pioneered by Friedrich List (1841), his National System of Political Economy, which many followers came from Germany, which stressed that the theory is correct or not must be assessed by reference or trend in social reality, they understand the significance of the element of time explicitly incorporated into the theory in the unit price. Because of the location advantages include time savings that would reduce or suppress the delay delivery of the goods, then the spatial aspects of the area to be treated as an aspect of time.

Economists generally believe that they consider factor analysis equipment layout area is only a partial understanding. They tend to assume that the factors of non-economic have dominant effect on spatial patterns in the area of economic activity. The location of various natural resources is certain, while the consideration of non-economic considerations are considered as the determining factor in the decision where they live, work and carry out production activities.

In analyzing the economic implications of spatial dimensions there are at least three ways of view, two of which explicitly take into account the distance variable, while the third treated implicitly. First, a type of analysis assumes that the location of population, industry and resources is certain, as well as road transport chain and the assumption about the spatial structure is as a friction or a shift towards commodity flows between the points which are considered certain. in particular models of this kind are often dealing with the determination of the pattern of commodity flows and linkage equilibrium price.

Friction or linkages between the spatial structure is measured by the cost of transportation and spatial interaction. Although transportation costs reflect the influence of other variables such as volume and weight and density of traffic, but the transportation costs that change directly to the distance. In fact most of the level of transportation costs is less proportional to the distance (tapping rates). The level of transportation cost per ton / kilometer down to the unit distance is increased further. Because transportation costs limit the ability of goods produced at a site to compete with goods produced in another location, then there is a tendency that the flow of goods has decreased farther distances. Second, is to adopt a spatial analysis has been generalized to include the determination of spatial structure and spatial treated as a matrix for the placement of economic activity.

Lokasio approach emphasizes spatial heterogeneity of the system. Production, consumption and population spread. Spatial preference of most individuals, the savings of scale and agglomeration advantages encourage the concentration of productive activity and concentration of population in the centers of a limited number. So the cities and urban units is the relevant object of study in the economics of location and economic areas, because in a conglomeration of regional spatial population there and because of the growth of cities can be explained by the forces of economics and sociology in a systematic manner. On the other hand, the location of natural resources are geographically dispersed, so far apart, which need to be pursued is the minimization of transportation costs.

The balance of opposing forces between centralization and distribution, will determine the structure lokasio (spatial) economic and spatial structure of this economy can explain the formation of flow patterns of production factors and commodities between the optimal spatial structure. Third, is the type of analysis that concentrates on the linkages between the regions in the national economic system. Although geographical factors are not implicitly understood in economic analysis, in the sense that the areas given constraints as having a certain area, the distance variable has not received attention as it should. Areas to be treated as an integral part of a multi-sectoral economy, but because the cost of transportation and distance elements considered

as things that have an influence that can not be ignored in the relationship between regions, then the system is seen as a peripheral region of points which are spatially separated. partly because it ignores the spatial factors and partly because of economic problems in key areas such as regional growth, fluctuations and stabilization policy, and the theory of income determination, then the analysis can be categorized as, macro-regional economies. a valid approach to develop a growth model at the regional level, each region is treated as a whole in an open economy that allows the application of analysis of the flow of goods and people between regions.

According to the stages theory (Friedrich List, 1g46), that economic development will develop following a single evolutionary path, as follows:: Primitive cultures, where the tribes who traveled and self-sufficient families by farming.

1. Feudalism, increases gradually with the narrowness of space life, primitive economy evolved into feudalism. In the Middle Ages, an order of government and exploitation mainly based on land ownership, regulating social and economic life of the king to slave.
2. Capitalism. Feudalism ended in the Renaissance and Reformation produce industrial revolution. farmers leave their land and go into the cities to be proletariat.
3. socialism and communism. Capitalism is considered as an intermediate stage only which will be replaced by socialism or communism, as capitalism replaced feudalism.

The theory of the stages can be used as a reference to determine the direction of future development, but acknowledged that not all predicted it happen. Although capitalism stricken by economic depression-depression that grew serious, the worst was the World Depression of the 1930s but can be overcome. Who would have thought that John Maynard Keynes has emerged and developed the theory of market economy which allows the use of fiscal and monetary policy to soften the business cycle and overcome the chronic lethargy.