Economic Implications of Regional Spatial planning Dimensions

Location theory to discuss the determinants of the location of an industry or factory in the right location that is at the point of having the lowest costs (least cost). While the economy of a region (regional) discussed the interaction between various resources (human, natural, capital, technology and institutional) on the surface area to meet community development needs and the expected progress effectively and efficiently. Goals from both theory (the theory of the location of regional economic dah) although not the same but show similarities direction, often regarded as a step child (stepchildren) within the family of Economics, which means having a very close relationship between them.

Traditional economic theory ignored the spatial aspect. Although the classical economists was Adam Smith's pioneering yanq wrote many scientific works on a series of evolutionary developments in economic activity. Their formal analysis can be said to be static and without spatial structure; by Walter Isard said to be "a wonderland of no spatial dimensions." The validity of economic laws is absolute (absolute), means universally applicable, equal to all the places (countries) and the whole time. Not surprising that this statement has been attracting more reaction.

A manifestation of these reactions is of economists mashab (flow). history (historical) pioneered by Friedrich List (1841), his National System of Political Economy, which many followers came from Germany, which stressed that the theory is correct or not must be assessed by reference or trend in social reality, they understand the significance of the element of time explicitly incorporated into the theory in the unit price. Because of the location advantages include time savings that would reduce or suppress the delay delivery of the goods, then the spatial aspects of the area to be treated as an aspect of time.

Economists generally believe that they consider factor analysis equipment layout area is only a partial understanding. They tend to assume that the factors of non-economic have dominant effect on spatial patterns in the area of economic activity. The location of various natural resources is certain, while the consideration of non-economic considerations are considered as the determining factor in the decision where they live, work and carry out production activities.

In analyzing the economic implications of spatial dimensions there are at least three ways of view, two of which explicitly take into account the distance variable, while the third treated implicitly. First, a type of analysis assumes that the location of population, industry and resources is certain, as well as road transport chain and the assumption about the spatial structure is as a friction or a shift towards commodity flows between the points which are considered certain. in particular models of this kind are often dealing with the determination of the pattern of commodity flows and linkage equilibrium price.

Friction or linkages between the spatial structure is measured by the cost of transportation and spatial interaction. Although transportation costs reflect the influence of other variables such as volume and weight and density of traffic, but the transportation costs that change directly to the distance. In fact most of the level of transportation costs is less proportional to the distance (tapping rates). The level of transportation cost per ton / kilometer down to the unit distance is increased further. Because transportation costs limit the ability of goods produced at a site to compete with goods produced in another location, then there is a tendency that the flow of goods has decreased farther distances. Second, is to adopt a spatial analysis has been generalized to include the determination of spatial structure and spatial treated as a matrix for the placement of economic activity.

Lokasio approach emphasizes spatial heterogeneity of the system. Production, consumption and population spread. Spatial preference of most individuals, the savings of scale and agglomeration advantages encourage the concentration of productive activity and concentration of population in the centers of a limited number. So the cities and urban units is the relevant object of study in the economics of location and economic areas, because in a conglomeration of regional spatial population there and because of the growth of cities can be explained by the forces of economics and sociology in a systematic manner. On the other hand, the location of natural resources are geographically dispersed, so far apart, which need to be pursued is the minimization of transportation costs.

The balance of opposing forces between centralization and distribution, will determine the structure lokasio (spatial) economic and spatial structure of this economy can explain the formation of flow patterns of production factors and commodities between the optimal spatial structure. Third, is the type of analysis that concentrates on the linkages between the regions in the national economic system. Although geographical factors are not implicitly understood in economic analysis, in the sense that the areas given constraints as having a certain area, the distance variable has not received attention as it should. Areas to be treated as an integral part of a multi-sectoral economy, but because the cost of transportation and distance elements considered

as things that have an influence that can not be ignored in the relationship between regions, then the system is seen as a peripheral region of points which are spatially separated. partly because it ignores the spatial factors and partly because of economic problems in key areas such as regional growth, fluctuations and stabilization policy, and the theory of income determination, then the analysis can be categorized as, macro-regional economies. a valid approach to develop a growth model at the regional level, each region is treated as a whole in an open economy that allows the application of analysis of the flow of goods and people between regions.

According to the stages theory (Friedrich List, 1g46), that economic development will develop following a single evolutionary path, as follows:: Primitive cultures, where the tribes who traveled and self-sufficient families by farming.

1. Feudalism, increases gradually with the narrowness of space life, primitive economy evolved into feudalism. In the Middle Ages, an order of government and exploitation mainly based on land ownership, regulating social and economic life of the king to slave.
2. Capitalism. Feudalism ended in the Renaissance and Reformation produce industrial revolution. farmers leave their land and go into the cities to be proletariat.
3. socialism and communism. Capitalism is considered as an intermediate stage only which will be replaced by socialism or communism, as capitalism replaced feudalism.

The theory of the stages can be used as a reference to determine the direction of future development, but acknowledged that not all predicted it happen. Although capitalism stricken by economic depression-depression that grew serious, the worst was the World Depression of the 1930s but can be overcome. Who would have thought that John Maynard Keynes has emerged and developed the theory of market economy which allows the use of fiscal and monetary policy to soften the business cycle and overcome the chronic lethargy.

The concept of territory in the theoretical analysis

One of the main issues to reveal the importance of the region dimension in development planning is introduced the concept of territory in the theoretical analysis.

It is known along that area is a sub system of the system spatial region nationally. However, in providing further understanding limits can vary due to Regional Studies is interdisciplinary, and therefore required an insight in order to achieve uniformity of views. According to Aristotelian logic, everything can be given a definition or definitions of the three sides of view, namely: (i) seen from the description of material (material description), (ii) according to the formal relations (formal relations), and (iii) is associated with late goal (final objecte). In accordance with the logic of the concept of territory (region) can be divided into three regions, namely (i) homogeneous region (homogeneous region), (ii) the polarization (polarization region) or the nodal (nodal region), and (iii) region planning (planning region) or the program (programming region).

Homogeneous region is defined as a concept which assumes that geographical regions can be linked together into a single region if these regions have the same traits or characteristics. The characteristics

or characteristics may be economic, such as the structure of production is almost equal or homogeneous consumption patterns or the level of income per capita is included in the same group, can also be geographical, topographical or climate suppose that a similar situation, and even social nature can also be political,

such a distinctive regional personality, so easily distinguished by traits or characteristics other areas

In economic theory, similarity in the level of income per capita is a common criterion used to determine the homogeneity of a region. Homogeneous region is analyzed as a determination or as a whole, which is seen how the growth or decline of the region without considering the influence of regional economic interdependence or dependence is concerned with other areas. Nationally, those areas viewed as components of a national economic system that consists of many sectors. In such an analysis is the effect of distance (distance) and differences in spatial (space \ the environment of the areas neglected. It could be argued that the concept of homogeneous regions is an intuitive sense because it is descriptive.

How to approach as presented above are based on macro-economic analysis between regions (interregional macro economics). How this approach is the application of models of national income and national growth model at the regional level. In this case each region is treated as an open economy, thus the models above analysis explains the trade flows, the flow of production factors between regions, and regional income. Fundamental problems such as changes in regional income, regional fluctuations, stabilization policies and the determinants of regional growth can be discussed based on the framework of a national analysis

Nodal areas (central) or regions of polarization (polar) units consisting of a heterogeneous region, such as distribution of the population concentrated in certain places would result in the emergence of large cities, medium cities, and towns Another small town, while residents in rural areas are relatively rare, or in other words the national highway traffic showed a more intensive level of polarization compared with other cities that are not located on highway traffic network.

Categories planning area or region is vital if the program is associated with problems of regional policy. At the national or regional level, spatial planning areas required by the government as a tool to achieve development targets have been set. Zoning plans have been prepared based on the analysis of sectoral development activities are localized in geographical environment units. Regional planning is a unit area of development, where development programs implemented. In this case shown is an important issue of coordination and decentralization of regional development can be enhanced and developed. There is a negative correlation between the development plan period and the amount of territory planning. For the medium term development plan (about 5 years) the number of planning areas tend to be more than the development plan over the long term (15-20 years prospective development will come). For long-term plans have simplified the number of regions considered to be more effective and useful.

The use of spatial terms in this book is meant to give attention on the importance of spatial dimensions (aspects of location) in units of the region as a sub system. Spatial dimension means to reveal traits or characteristics of geography and economic conditions in which development activities undertaken. Region as a sub-system is the designation for the Earth's surface environment in general and of course a limit, is a model of interaction of various elements related to human life and development in the area concerned. Spatial direction has a clear meaning, because it expresses a form of structure and layout of the use and relationship of land use and land use as a spatial relationship, thereby useful in the preparation of appropriate project plan development right in the sense of its kind, right amount, right and proper capacity location.

important dimension of the region (regional) as a location factor in development planning

dimensional region is very important and the factors to be taken into account in the development of analyzing and determining where a program or project is placed in development planning. region connoted by the location of a development activity or economic activities such as industry or factory, enterprise, and service facilities, thus the selection or determination of its location will affect the sustainability of these activities.

if done correctly determine its location, it is expected that these activities will take place in a productive and efficient, but can also reverse the selection of the wrong location will result in these activities are not productive and inefficient, therefore the selection of the location of each business activity must be considered carefully and appropriate. determining the location of an industry or production units are generally associated with the location of the source of raw materials and its market area.

the criteria used can vary, for example, low transport costs, availability of labor resources in relatively large quantities and cheap, the availability of water resources and energy are quite large, or any other attraction in the form of savings and savings lokasional agglomeration.

selection of commodities and the location of the spread on district

selection of commodities and locations in line with socio-economic empowerment is a process in setting the district that began with the activities of CWC commodity analysis to see the district commodities, commodity distribution analysis to look at commodity distribution sites, and assessment alignment with PSE district.

the goal is to identify the leading agricultural commodities cultivated in the district. identify the location of the distribution of agricultural commodities in the district superior. create a harmonization commodities district and the location of the PSE district.

expected outcome is the election of a maximum of 3 priority commodities districts to be developed. election of a maximum of 3 sub-districts as a priority development location commodities districts and the election of a maximum of 3 priority commodities in 3 sub-district development location priority commodities district that is consistent with PSE's mission district.

data required are: production data for each commodity traded at the district level during the last 5 years. price data for each commodity traded at the district level during the last 5 years. production data for each commodity traded at the provincial level during the last 5 years. price data for each commodity traded at the provincial level during the last 5 years. production data of each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. data the amount of labor each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. harvested area data of each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. data leading commodities prices last 5 years. data on the number and type of supporting infrastructure at the district level. commodity marketing area data at district level and the number of derivatives industry (processing) commodities at the district level.

Proposed a Strategic Area

strategic area district is an area prioritized spatial arrangement because it has very important influence in the scope of the district against the economic, social, cultural, and / or the environment. strategic regional planning district is directed to the development of strategic areas of economy, development of a strategic area for social and cultural interests, as well as the development of a strategic area for the purposes and functions of environmental support.

strategic areas of economic development areas in the district are directed to the integrated area. with the KWT, sectors of the economy began growing rapidly, which can be seen from the growing residential areas, commerce, industry and other social facilities. strategic location, easily recognizable, has a high level of accessibility and have the means and adequate supporting infrastructure, making the integrated area has a good prospect for development. strategic regional economic development area south cross paths. potential development of agriculture and plantations in all districts who passed across the path south. mining excavation in the district yosowilangun b, c in the district mining excavation Tempursari, candipura, sandy and tempeh. capture fisheries in coastal districts Tempursari, pasisiran, tempeh, turmeric and yosowilangun. brackish water aquaculture in the coastal districts yosowilangun. tourism beaches backed road network accessibility to the objects of tourism in the district Tempursari, pasisiran and yosowilangun. meet the needs of appropriate technologies and processes land management and pest management. strategic area development lotus agropolitan region. agribusiness commodities bananas, coffee, vegetables (potatoes). increased participation of private (investor) and the community in the development of agribusiness in the region agropolitan lotus.

repair and improvement of road conditions are broken. construction of terminals and sub-terminal. listrk network system gradually. planning of settlement and development of agro-tourism facilities, attractions that can be developed in the region include ecotourism agropolitan lotus, rest aea, homstay, viewing post, fishing and floating restaurant. development research institute of agricultural technology development to meet the needs of appropriate technologies and land management processes and handling pests.

socio-cultural region. giri location of the temple Mandara great Sewu established as a strategic area of socio-cultural because it has a high cultural value and needs to be preserved as one of the main potential in supporting the development of tourism in Lumajang.

development around the location of the temple is necessary to development restrictions based on rules concerning the management of cultural area, especially in 3 stages: 1, exploration and research, 2 preservation, conservation and restoration, 3 use of the area that is a unity that can not be separated.

strategic area of environmental preservation. directed at the area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. development of nature tourism and tourism research because it has diversity and a high density of vegetation.

improving coordination among agencies that have interests in the region to avoid conflicts of interest and preserve the national park forest

terms and understanding the region

with the primary function of protected areas or cultivated, which is the geographical unity of space and all the elements related to him the limits and the system is determined based on the functional aspects as well as having certain characteristics (specific / special). region is a geographical area can be very broad or limited, such a vast forest areas and residential areas are limited.

bonded area

customs or special industrial area, serves as a place of processing goods for export purposes, restricted certain customs territory in which special provisions apply in the field of customs, the island of Batam, a bonded zone.

cultivation area

region defined by the main function to be cultivated on the basis of existing and potential natural resources, human resources, and artificial resources. areas touched by human hands in order to make it more useful and provide the results to human needs. cultivation area can be either production forests, farms, residential areas, industrial zones, bonded area, tourism area, the area places of worship, educational area, the area of defense and security and so forth.

area of cultural heritage and science

region which is the location of the building of the high value of human culture and unique natural geological forms. DKI Jakarta government's plan for the island of Onrust in 'thousand islands' as the area of cultural heritage and science.

protected forest area

forest areas that have unique properties, which can provide protection to the surrounding area as well as subordinates, as a regulator of the water system, preventing flooding and erosion and maintain soil fertility.

Reflections Competition Hypermarkets and Traditional Markets

The development of modern markets in last few years is relatively very fast.Some sources state that it originated from the Presidential Decree. 96/2000 concerning

business fields closed and open for foreign investment. In regulation, the business of retail trade is one line of business that is open to parties foreign. For international wholesalers,the policy is clearly an opportunity very promising, because Indonesia has a potential market. By Therefore, after the policy was introduced, slowly but surely growing market modern large-scale increase. In the beginning development, the market did not occur market shows that concentrated on

a handful of players. In short, the market for retail sector oligopoly practices still occur.

However,in the last three years the pattern experienced a shift, where the market sector Indonesia became concentrated in the retail a handful of players. unfortunately, the process include acquisitions of domestic retail company by foreign multinational retail corporation.

Meanwhile, several other sources proclaim that these developments were can not be separated from policy minister Industry and Trade in 1998, in Where there is no clear definition between retailers, wholesalers, and wholesalers. On the opposite side, the business world guided by knowledge management continues to grow (by design franchise) causing wholesalers to enter be a retailer. Therefore, in addition to the rapid development of modern market scale large, retail in Indonesia is also characterized by mastery of retailers by players

large.

At first glance, this policy directlyraises consumer surplus,

because, for example-with different strategies discounts and purchase goods directly to producers, then the selling price of products on the market

modern be lower than in markets traditional. This fact is of course an impact on costs incurred by consumers when shopping at a large scale modern market more

lower than shopping at retailers traditional (both in traditional markets as well as in neighborhood community). But whether empirical data that happens is like this

or whether in fact there is another result? In addition, prognosis that there is a shift pattern consumers have also caused decrease in the existence of retailers

Traditionally, the start of the decline in business turnover, earnings, up to the lid of business retail trade, which ultimately affect incidence of unemployment in the former trader retail. But is this reality so really happening in Indonesia or even no Another result has not appeared to surface?

More than anything, also not reflected clearly how consumer preferences, so that they eventually turn away from the market traditional to modern markets. This identification very important, where not only aims rational reason for consumers to know that shopping orientation changed to the modern market, but also as part of a strategy to traditional market position in order to compete with modern markets in the future future. The reason is, when the traditional markets has provided a variety of things that become basis of rational choices of consumers, then the

The buyer would not hesitate to return shopping to retailers traditional.