In this section we will learn techniques incorporate spatial data from the above sources into the GIS, including:
1. Digitization
2. Use of GPS
3. Conversion from other systems
Showing posts with label GIS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label GIS. Show all posts
Friday, October 15, 2010
Thursday, October 14, 2010
Spatial data formats
In GIS, spatial data can be represented in two formats, namely:
1. vektor
In vector format data, our earth is represented as a mosaic of the line (arc / line), polygons (area bounded by the line that starts and ends at the same point), point / point (nodes that have a label), and nodes (A point of intersection between two lines).
The main advantage of vector data format is the accuracy in representing point features, boundaries and straight lines.This is very useful for analysis that requires precision positioning, for example at the boundaries of cadastral database.Examples of other uses is to define the spatial relationship of some features.The main drawback of vector data is its inability to accommodate a gradual change.
2. raster
Raster data (or also called grid cells) is the data generated from remote sensing systems.In raster data, geographic object is represented as a grid cell structure called a pixel (picture element).In raster data, resolution (visual definition) depends on its pixel size.
In other words, pixel resolution describes the actual size of the earth's surface represented by each pixel in the image.The smaller the size of the Earth's surface is represented by a single cell, the higher the resolution.
Raster data is very good to represent the boundaries change gradually, such as soil type, soil moisture, vegetation, soil temperature, etc..The main limitation is the large size of the raster data file; the higher the resolution of its grid, the greater the file size.
Each format has its advantages and disadvantages of data.Selection of data format used depends on the intended use, the available data volume of data generated, the desired accuracy, and ease of analysis.Vector data is relatively more economical in terms of file size and precision in the location, but very difficult to use in computational mathematics.In contrast, raster data file storage space usually requires a larger and less precise location, but it is mathematically easier to use.
1. vektor
In vector format data, our earth is represented as a mosaic of the line (arc / line), polygons (area bounded by the line that starts and ends at the same point), point / point (nodes that have a label), and nodes (A point of intersection between two lines).
The main advantage of vector data format is the accuracy in representing point features, boundaries and straight lines.This is very useful for analysis that requires precision positioning, for example at the boundaries of cadastral database.Examples of other uses is to define the spatial relationship of some features.The main drawback of vector data is its inability to accommodate a gradual change.
2. raster
Raster data (or also called grid cells) is the data generated from remote sensing systems.In raster data, geographic object is represented as a grid cell structure called a pixel (picture element).In raster data, resolution (visual definition) depends on its pixel size.
In other words, pixel resolution describes the actual size of the earth's surface represented by each pixel in the image.The smaller the size of the Earth's surface is represented by a single cell, the higher the resolution.
Raster data is very good to represent the boundaries change gradually, such as soil type, soil moisture, vegetation, soil temperature, etc..The main limitation is the large size of the raster data file; the higher the resolution of its grid, the greater the file size.
Each format has its advantages and disadvantages of data.Selection of data format used depends on the intended use, the available data volume of data generated, the desired accuracy, and ease of analysis.Vector data is relatively more economical in terms of file size and precision in the location, but very difficult to use in computational mathematics.In contrast, raster data file storage space usually requires a larger and less precise location, but it is mathematically easier to use.
Tuesday, October 12, 2010
Coordinate Systems
Location information is determined based on the coordinate system, among which include datum and projection maps.Datum is a collection of parameters and control points which geometric relationships are known, either through measurement or calculation.While the map projection system is a system designed to represent the curved surface of a field or a spheroid (eg earth) on a flat field.This causes distortion of the representation process that needs to be taken into account to obtain the accuracy of some kinds of properties, such as distance, angle, or area.
Monday, October 11, 2010
Spatial Data
Spatial data have two important parts which makes it different from other data, namely the location information and attribute information which can be explained as follows:
Information location or spatial information.A common example is the latitude and longitude information, including datum and projection information.Another example of spatial information that can be used to identify the location for example is ZIP Code.
Descriptive information (attributes) or non-spatial information.A locality can have multiple attributes or properties associated with it, for example type of vegetation, population, income per year, etc..
Information location or spatial information.A common example is the latitude and longitude information, including datum and projection information.Another example of spatial information that can be used to identify the location for example is ZIP Code.
Descriptive information (attributes) or non-spatial information.A locality can have multiple attributes or properties associated with it, for example type of vegetation, population, income per year, etc..
Saturday, October 9, 2010
GIS and Geospatial Data
What is GIS that?
GIS began to be known in the early 1980s.In line with the development of computer tools, both software and hardware, the SIG is growing very rapidly in the era of the 1990s.Literally, GIS can be defined as:
"A component that consists of hardware, software, geographic data and human resources that work together effectively to capture, store, refine, update, manage, manipulate, integrate, analyze, and display data in a geographic-based information"
Spatial information using the location, in a certain coordinate system, as a basic reference. GIS therefore has the ability to link various data at a given point on earth, combine, analyze and ultimately to map the results.GIS applications to answer a few questions such as: location, condition, trends, patterns, and modeling.
Ability is what distinguishes GIS from other information systems viewed from the definition, GIS is a system consisting of various components that can not stand on their own. Having a computer hardware along with its software does not mean that we already have a GIS when geographic data and human resources to operate it does not exist.As computer systems in general, GIS is simply a 'tool' that have special abilities.The ability of human resources to formulate and analyze the results of the final issue was instrumental in the success of the GIS system.
GIS began to be known in the early 1980s.In line with the development of computer tools, both software and hardware, the SIG is growing very rapidly in the era of the 1990s.Literally, GIS can be defined as:
"A component that consists of hardware, software, geographic data and human resources that work together effectively to capture, store, refine, update, manage, manipulate, integrate, analyze, and display data in a geographic-based information"
Spatial information using the location, in a certain coordinate system, as a basic reference. GIS therefore has the ability to link various data at a given point on earth, combine, analyze and ultimately to map the results.GIS applications to answer a few questions such as: location, condition, trends, patterns, and modeling.
Ability is what distinguishes GIS from other information systems viewed from the definition, GIS is a system consisting of various components that can not stand on their own. Having a computer hardware along with its software does not mean that we already have a GIS when geographic data and human resources to operate it does not exist.As computer systems in general, GIS is simply a 'tool' that have special abilities.The ability of human resources to formulate and analyze the results of the final issue was instrumental in the success of the GIS system.
Friday, October 8, 2010
application of GIS for tropical forestry
Various constraints that have been discussed above apply to the development and use of GIS in general in developing countries, and also specifically for the forestry sector. Here we will briefly discuss the potential application of GIS for tropical forestry. Some applications have been done in several places in tropical countries, but basically operationally GIS applications are still far from optimal when compared to the ability of GIS to support planning and management of tropical forests.
As known, inventory and monitoring are the foundation of good forest management.The main obstacle in the inventory and monitoring are the limitations in data retrieval, because the vast area, the difficulty of reaching the area, the length of time required and limited human resources.GIS, especially with the PJ, which can reach a large area with a relatively high frequency support is a breakthrough in the aspects of inventory and monitoring.
But in the developing practice of inventory and monitoring using GIS is still very far from optimal.Protection of forests due to human activity, fire, weeds and diseases is an important aspect of tropical forestry.GIS application in this particular aspect is to study forest fires. But most of these projects are research projects rather than planning and operational management.
Commercially, the most important forest product is timber.Deforestation is considered a negative impact on the environment requires good planning.The spatial forest modeling using GIS is very helpful in the planning and harvesting strategies, but the application is mostly used in developed countries, and in general are still in research stage.
Forest rehabilitation, especially considering the large area of damaged forests, are aspects that are in need of attention as well as highly complex with a low success rate. GIS can help the problem of forest rehabilitation in the stage of research and mapping the location, the selection of suitable species, breeding locations and other infrastructure as well as in monitoring and evaluation stage.However, projects or research relating to the application of GIS for forest rehabilitation is very little, although in developed countries even.
As mentioned above, in recent decades is the tendency of shifting the focus from industrial forestry towards environmental protection and its benefits to local communities.Information is actually a requirement to determine the direction of the implementation of community-based forest management.Socio-economic information in particular is very important information.Use of GIS in this aspect, both in developing countries and in developed countries, is still very minimal.
In the aspect of forest conservation and biodiversity, to determine priority areas and hotspots of biodiversity are the most fundamental things. GIS application for this, both in developed and developing countries, there are enough.
Tropical forests have a significant role in global climate change.GIS is a very useful tool in climate change research, namely in terms of organizing data, in the form of global databases, and spatial analysis capabilities for modeling.GIS application for research on climate change growing rapidly, but for developing countries is still very limited.
Spatial databases will be increasingly important in terms of supporting decision making related to forest management. Some global database that covers an area of tropical forests has been available, which include databases on topography, wet tropical forests, global climate, global climate change, satellite imagery, and soil conservation.
As known, inventory and monitoring are the foundation of good forest management.The main obstacle in the inventory and monitoring are the limitations in data retrieval, because the vast area, the difficulty of reaching the area, the length of time required and limited human resources.GIS, especially with the PJ, which can reach a large area with a relatively high frequency support is a breakthrough in the aspects of inventory and monitoring.
But in the developing practice of inventory and monitoring using GIS is still very far from optimal.Protection of forests due to human activity, fire, weeds and diseases is an important aspect of tropical forestry.GIS application in this particular aspect is to study forest fires. But most of these projects are research projects rather than planning and operational management.
Commercially, the most important forest product is timber.Deforestation is considered a negative impact on the environment requires good planning.The spatial forest modeling using GIS is very helpful in the planning and harvesting strategies, but the application is mostly used in developed countries, and in general are still in research stage.
Forest rehabilitation, especially considering the large area of damaged forests, are aspects that are in need of attention as well as highly complex with a low success rate. GIS can help the problem of forest rehabilitation in the stage of research and mapping the location, the selection of suitable species, breeding locations and other infrastructure as well as in monitoring and evaluation stage.However, projects or research relating to the application of GIS for forest rehabilitation is very little, although in developed countries even.
As mentioned above, in recent decades is the tendency of shifting the focus from industrial forestry towards environmental protection and its benefits to local communities.Information is actually a requirement to determine the direction of the implementation of community-based forest management.Socio-economic information in particular is very important information.Use of GIS in this aspect, both in developing countries and in developed countries, is still very minimal.
In the aspect of forest conservation and biodiversity, to determine priority areas and hotspots of biodiversity are the most fundamental things. GIS application for this, both in developed and developing countries, there are enough.
Tropical forests have a significant role in global climate change.GIS is a very useful tool in climate change research, namely in terms of organizing data, in the form of global databases, and spatial analysis capabilities for modeling.GIS application for research on climate change growing rapidly, but for developing countries is still very limited.
Spatial databases will be increasingly important in terms of supporting decision making related to forest management. Some global database that covers an area of tropical forests has been available, which include databases on topography, wet tropical forests, global climate, global climate change, satellite imagery, and soil conservation.
Thursday, October 7, 2010
GIS in developing countries
The application and development of GIS began in developed countries, especially North America.The main components of GIS include hardware, software, data and human resources.The hardware includes computer, scanner digitizer, plotter, printer, while the software can be selected either commercial or freely available.Examples of software that are widely used ARC / INFO, ArcView, Idrisi, ER Mapper, GRASS, MapInfo.Data formats will be discussed specifically in the following chapter.
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
GIS application for tropical forestry
Tropical forests are ecosystems and also an important natural resource, both locally and globally.Some functions of tropical forests are: productive (economic), protection (ecological), psychological and religious, as well as tourism and education. Tropical forest decreases very rapidly during the past three decades and the rapid destruction of tropical forests is the highest in the world.
Saturday, March 21, 2009
SISTEM INFORMASI
adalah kombinasi antara prosedur kerja, informasi, orang dan teknologi informasi yang diorganisasikan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dalam suatu organisasi (Alter, 1992). adalah kumpulan perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak yang dirancang untuk mentransformasikan data ke dalam bentuk informasi yang berguna (Bodnar dan Hopwood, 1993). adalah suatu sistem yang mengumpulkan, memproses, menyimpan, menganalisa dan menyebar informasi untuk tujuan tertentu (Turban, McLean dan Wetherbe, 1999). adalah suatu rangkaian prosedur formal dimana data dikelompokkan, diproses menjadi informasi dan didistribusikan kepada pemakai (Hall, 2001)
KOMPONEN SISTEM INFORMASI
* Perangkat Keras (hardware) : mencakup perangkat keras seperti komputer, printer dsb.
* Perangkat lunak (software) : sekumpulan instruksi yang memungkinkan perangkat keras untuk dapat memproses dat
* Prosedur : sekumpulan aturan yang dipakai untuk mewujudkan pemrosesan data dan pembangkitan keluaran yang dekedendakan.
* Orang : sesua pihak yang bertanggung jawab dalam pengembangan sistem informasi, pemrosesan dan penggunaan keluaran sistem informasi
* Basis data (database) : sekumpulan tabel, hubungan dll. yang berkaitan dengan penyimpanan data.
* Jaringan komputer dan komunikasi data : sistem penghubung yang memungkinkan resources dipakai secara bersama atau diakses oleh sejumlah pemakai.
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