HISTORY OF zoning regulation (2)

In further developments, zoning regulations aimed at some of the following (Barnett, 1982:61):
Regulate activities that may exist in a zone.
 

Applying withdrawals over a certain height of buildings so that sunlight fell into the street and sidewalk and light and air reaching the inside of the building.
 

Restriction of the buildings in certain zones to the city center into the region's most intensive use of space.

Resistance to the zoning

The case between the Village of Euclid, Ohio against Ambler Realty Co.. (often shortened to Euclid v. Ambler), 272 U.S. 365 (1926).

Ambler objection to Non residential zoning, as the industry wants so that it will generate much more money.

Euclid win: precedent established to support the enactment and enforcement of zoning laws.

In 1926 the Supreme Court ruled that zoning as a right of the states in the USA (through the towns and their county) to be worn on the landowners.

Some zoning laws have also been defeated in several places in the USA, the rules violate the equal protection (equal protection) or a breach of freedom of speech (free speech). Examples of cases in the suburbs billboards in Atlanta - Roswell, Georgia.

 

HISTORY OF zoning regulation

1. GERMANY originally introduced the concept of zoning  but the U.S. has perfected this concept in several variants.
2. Approach to the concept of zoning is carried out Germany and America are very different in many respects. Zoning the Germans did give priority to the desire of the population in the solid state to maximize land use and to protect residents from industrial or commercial activities.
3. In the 1920s, the concept of zoning to be a trend that later information and models adopted the concept of zoning for different activities.

 

• In the U.S., was first applied zoning regulations in the City of New York in 1916 as a reaction to the construction of The Equitable Building, which is still standing at 120 Broadway.
•  The goal is the application of zoning (Barnett, 1982:61): 

                 a. Determine minimum standards for street light and air that became darker as a result more and more high buildings.
                 b. Separating the activities that are considered inappropriate.

•   Written by a committee chaired by Edward Basset and signed by Mayor John Purroy Mitchel and later became a "blueprint" for all other regions in the country.

 

• Edward Basset then also heads a group of planning law that wrote The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, which at that time was accepted almost without change by all states. 
• In the late 1920s most of the USA has developed a set of zoning regulations that meet their local wishes.

terms and understanding the region

with the primary function of protected areas or cultivated, which is the geographical unity of space and all the elements related to him the limits and the system is determined based on the functional aspects as well as having certain characteristics (specific / special). region is a geographical area can be very broad or limited, such a vast forest areas and residential areas are limited.

bonded area

customs or special industrial area, serves as a place of processing goods for export purposes, restricted certain customs territory in which special provisions apply in the field of customs, the island of Batam, a bonded zone.

cultivation area

region defined by the main function to be cultivated on the basis of existing and potential natural resources, human resources, and artificial resources. areas touched by human hands in order to make it more useful and provide the results to human needs. cultivation area can be either production forests, farms, residential areas, industrial zones, bonded area, tourism area, the area places of worship, educational area, the area of defense and security and so forth.

area of cultural heritage and science

region which is the location of the building of the high value of human culture and unique natural geological forms. DKI Jakarta government's plan for the island of Onrust in 'thousand islands' as the area of cultural heritage and science.

protected forest area

forest areas that have unique properties, which can provide protection to the surrounding area as well as subordinates, as a regulator of the water system, preventing flooding and erosion and maintain soil fertility.

Case Studies for Urban Design & Planning of Indonesian Cities : An International Perspective

1. Analysis of Current City Planning : What happened to Indonesian cities?
2. Challenges Ahead for the Cities : Understand the forces that influence/has impact to cities?

3. Recent Issues in City Planning : Learn from cases/practice how to respond to these issues

What happened to Indonesian Cities?

Problems/Constraints

1. Not strong vision/objective

• Narrow view of planning : detached from global issues.
• Loosing the opportunities & potential
• Lack of entrepreneurship & marketing

1. Short term solution, unsustainable practice & non-coherent planning

• Patching up work/’gali lubang tutup lubang’
• Short term view &: Energy (pollution), transportation (congestion), environment (climate change), Social & economic (economic disparity, jobless, social unrest)

1. Weak Process: Lack of Enforcement, Transparency & Democracy

• Good planning, but difficult to implement: Corruption & lack of enforcement
• Good vision, but not for everyone : public participation, transparency
• Good action, but slow process : bureaucracy

Absence of Mass Rapid Transport Strategy Dependence to automobile No vehicle wnership control Pollution, congestion 40% of productive time in Jakarta is spent on the road, Uneven development


What Indonesian Cities can offer ?

Opportunities?

High number of urban population : high consumption/demand ,supply of man power

1. Large area & potential for horizontal expansion
2. 
   
3. Rich cultural and historical background
4. 
   
5. Geographical location & climate
6. 
   
7. Relatively lower cost of economy

Challenges Ahead for the Cities

Understand the forces that influence/has impact to cities?

Globalization :

1. Flexible Accumulation & Movement of asset & investment, Global Restructuring of Financial Market
2. Changes in Production/Distribution-Supply Chain,
3. Emergence of IT, Space and Time Compression
4. Global Community – cross culture influence and global identity/branding

Challenges Ahead for the Cities

Understand the forces that influence/has impact to cities?

Urbanization :

1. more than 50% globally, live in urban
2. pressure on urban poor and environment
3. edge/satellite cities, creating traffic & urban expansion

Global Warming & Energy Deficiency :

1. Continuous use and dependence to non-renewable energy
2. Rising price of oil worldwide & energy crisis
3. Pollution and global heating, rise of sea level

Decentralization :

1. More power/authority/flexibility to regulate and plan the cities
2. But, with significant decrease of state/central government budget
3. Readiness of local government 

Recent Issues in City Planning

Learn from cases/practice how to respond to these issues

Recent Issues in City Planning :

1. Strategic Positioning of Cities
2. Convergence & Integration of Distribution & Transportation Industry
3. Sustainable & Environmentally Responsive Development
4. Transit Oriented Development
5. City’s Character & Sense of Place

1. Recent Issues in City Planning

1. Strategic positioning of Cities
2. Clearer vision and long term objective
3. Cities’ respond and positioning to globalization & decentralization: capture investment & flow of capital
4. Cities striving to be ‘Sustainable Global Cities’
5. Various scale consideration: from local to district, city, regions and beyond

2. Convergence and Integration of Transportation & Distribution Industry

1. Capturing the emerging trends of global transportation & distribution industry
2. Integration of modes of transport, infrastructure and transportation facilities
3. City’s/Country’s respond to the trend in strategic spatial & infrastructure planning.

3. Sustainable & Environmentally Responsive Development

1. Environmental assessment & standard reinforcement : Use of Technology & GIS
2. ‘Green Development’ Planning Standard
3. Use of alternative energy: renewable non pollutant
4. Recycle and regeneration 

4. Transit Oriented Development

1. Mass rapid transportation as relief for urban congestion and main accessibility mode for city
2. Edge cities or Satellite cities bases on mass transportation corridor.
3. Land Use Mix that Reduces Auto Travel and Facilitates Transit
4. Compact development that is walkable and allow other mode of transport, i.e. bicycle 

5. City’s Character and Sense of Place

1. Finding character & identity in the past: preservation & conservation, as strategy to tourism & district revitalization
2. Return the public realm to the people: transform infrastructure nightmare into green & public urban space
3. Create city’s architectural landmark as identity. As part of tourism strategy
4. Mixed use district allowing live-work and play.

CONCLUSION

1. City need to recognize it’s weaknesses & strengths
2. City need to put the planning into the global perspective and proactively respond to the issues/challenge
3. City respond to investment opportunities: Strong Visions & Positioning of city, Capitalize on Convergence & Integration of Distribution & Transportation Industry
4. City striving to be Sustainable Global City:
5. Adopt & implement Sustainable & Environmentally Responsive Development
6. Planning & Development oriented to Mass Transit System
7. Build Character & Sense of Place & Vibrancy to City

Role of Land Use in Urban and Regional Planning

Planning land use (Land Use) was instrumental in planning the city and was instrumental in influencing land use plan decisions:

1. Planning land use act as a coordinator / manager as a creator, and as that applying any form of land use planning regulations.

2. Land use planners encourage / support the community people together to achieve mutual benefits.

3. Land use planners must work effectively in view and respond to all interests, action and cooperation with the various "players".

4. Land use planners is not just a planner but also must act as a manager, preparing and implementing regulations and build bridges of cooperation between the actors involved to achieve common goals.

5. Planners have a unique position because it is responsible for the making of plans, regulations and the process of involving the community (participation) in the preparation of plans and policy evaluation.

Land use planners is not just a planner but also must act as a manager, preparing and implementing regulations and build bridges of cooperation between the actors involved to achieve common goals.

Planners have a unique position because it is responsible for the making of plans, regulations and the process of involving the community (participation) in the preparation of plans and policy evaluation.

a. Market-oriented actors (private sector, landowners, developers, builders, brokers, etc.) who seek to profit from changes in land use.

b. Government (central, provincial, local) that represent the interests of society as a whole.

c. Interest groups, which include representatives of special interests, such as environmental protection, environmental conservation, economic development, farmers, minorities, etc., who see through the eyes of the interests of their group opponents.

The actors (stakeholders) will compete both on the content (content) as well as regulatory procedures of land, planning and development decisions. Sometimes they work together and sometimes conflicting. Planners must understand the purpose and interest of each actor.

- In theory, the actors associated with the use of land are always in conflict (incompatibility) that continually cause endless pressure on land use planning.

- In practice, the conflict is regulated through a system of rules (laws) and the system of government

Concept of Regional Development in Development Planning

The concept of developing the area was developed from the needs of an area to improve the function and its role in managing the social, economic, cultural, education and welfare of the community. The influence of globalization, free markets and regionalization leads to changes and spatial dynamics, social, and economic inter-state, inter-regional (district), to rural districts.

Globalization is also marked by the revolution in information technology, transportation and management. The revolution has caused the boundary between urban and rural areas is unclear, the polarization of regional development, the formation of world cities (global cities), city system on an international scale, the formation of inter-state development area (transborder regions), as well as the formation of regional development corridors both local scale , national, regional and international.

In the Asia globalization has created a very significant development polarization in the form megaurban region that occurred in metropolitan cities along the east coast of Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung Up . In the scale of convergence between countries occurred in the Bohai (China - Korea), Hong Kong-Guangzhou, and Sijori (Singapore-Johor-Riau). In Indonesia polarization centered along Sumetera (Medan, Palembang), and Java (Jakarta-Bandung-Semarang-Surabaya).

Mega-urban corridor is very influential on economic growth, especially the area surrounding district and surrounding villages that have economic relations and the market is quite strong.

But change is not matched by the provision of facilities and infrastructure are inadequate due to limited areas of government. Therefore, private parties and other institutions to participate in development.

Various impacts on the causes of economic globalization on local development simply as follows:

1. Changing the orientation of development which must be based on improving individual, group and community empowerment in the face of global competition, thus enabling people to survive (survive), to develop themselves and improve welfare.

2. Increasingly important role of non-governmental institutions such as, the private sector, communities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in implementation of development and financing

3. The increase in urbanization in the suburbs than in the big city itself. This is in line with the concept developed by Mc. Gee in the 1980s. Boundary between urban and rural areas become less clear due to economic growth, where urban activities have been mingled with the intensity of the movement of rural areas with investment, economic and population increases.

On the basis of the description above, the development of the region is an important part of the development of a region, especially in rural areas are extremely vulnerable and facing severe global-scale changes. This change, if not supported by a good regional planning taking into account the internal aspects, social and economic growth will result in progressively increasing the villages left behind.

Paradigm shift needs to be done in restructuring the areas categorized poor and weak to be able to improve competitiveness, production management and locally based appropriate technology that can affect other areas of reciprocity. In simple terms the concept of regional development needs to be done in rural planning to encourage local economic growth and strengthen communities in the bottom layer can affect the market for a sustainable manner.

Planning System in Indonesia

Planning System in Indonesia. In general, divided by 2, namely:

1. National Development Planning System (SPPN)

As stated in Law No. 25 of 2004 concerning National Development Planning System, development planning consists of:

1. Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP)

2. Medium Term Development Plan (Development Plan) and

3. Government Work Plan (RKP).

RPJP serve as guidelines in preparing the Development Plan for later elaborated in the RKP.

Under the national plan for all sectors, in this case institutions and ministries (K / L), prepare a Strategic Plan of the Ministry / Agency (Strategic Plan of K / L) are guided to the Development Plan and Work Plan of the Ministry / Agency (Renja K / L) are guided by RKP. This development plan and then serve as guidelines in preparing the State Budget (APBN).

The pattern of regional development planning exactly the same as the pattern of national development planning, where the National RPJP RPJP referred by the Regional, National Development Plan be considered by the Regional Development Plan and Regional RKP RKP harmonize with through consultation on development planning (musrenbang). This regional development plan to guide the preparation of the Regional Budget (APBD).

2. Spatial planning system (DSS)

Spatial planning system in Indonesia, referring to Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning. In the Act known four hierarchical spatial planning, namely:

1. Spatial Planning (RTRW) National,

2. RTRW Island,

3. RTRW Province,

4. RTRW District.

National spatial planning became a reference in preparing RTRW Island. Guidelines for the preparation of spatial planning into spatial planning Island Province which is then guided further by the district / city. Compared with the previous system (Law No. 24 of 1992), the new spatial planning system opens opportunities to develop spatial plans that are general or specific in each hierarchy of planning.

Another innovation that was adopted in the new system is the application of Zone Settings (Zoning Regulations) as an instrument of implementation of the master plan. Instrument settings for this zone contains specific spatial rules binding for each region with a specific function within a planning area.

To strengthen the control of space utilization, the new system to impose sanctions for violations of spatial planning not only to the recipient subject to license the use of space but also to the giver permission space utilization.

Some things that are very important in order to reform the city spatial planning

Some things that are very important in order to reform the city spatial planning, among others:
1. Changing of physical planning, such as is now done into social planning. With a change of mindset and the condition of society, expected public awareness of land use will increase. Advocacy planning is necessary in the interest of society, for the sake of accommodating the aspirations of the community. Advocacy Planning It feels more expensive. But much more expensive ineffective planning and development without planning. Advocacy planning can be applied also in discussion by the members of parliament. In this case the consultant provided input for consideration in setting the plan as a Regional Regulation (Perda) on Spatial City.
2. Changing the policy to be bottom up top down because top down is a source of corruption and collusion of the parties involved. Often projects top-down model of the center is less appropriate to the needs and conditions in the field. Aspiration of the public not on the traffic load in the assessment of spatial plans. The community representatives are invited to the seminar, such as: Head of Kelurahan / Village, Chairman of the local LKMD less than friendly to the macro planning, can also be regarded as representative of the government.
3. Comprehensive Planning is more precise than the sectoral planning. Comprehensive Planning as a macro for long-term planning for communities in developing countries (with the dynamics of society that is so big) it is less appropriate. Consequently those plans are not / less effective, with so many deviations that occur, whether intentional or not. Sectoral planning is the planning of the sectors that is really needed by the community in time of urgency.
4. Active participation in an integrated experts from various disciplines are needed in the process of urban spatial planning. City Planning Commission (as applied in the United States) would need to be applied also in Indonesia. This is based on that urban problems are very complex, not only the problems of space, but also involves aspects: economic, social, cultural, legal and so forth.
5. Changing the rules relating to land, land, and particularly in the urban space becomes more oriented to the interests and protection of small people. Institute for the tenant and the results need to be removed by BAL revived. The arrangement of land through the Land Consolidation, Land Sharing, and Land Readjustment needs to be improved.
6. No less important is that the Spatial Plan which has been determined to be a local regulation, it should be followed up with implementation, a reference in the preparation of programs of development activities, and not just become residents of the library Bappeda

Reform of urban planning

In Indonesia, total reform has been rolled out, with elements led by students, as a result has KKN (corruption, collusion and nepotism) in every aspect of public life. In the process of urban planning was not immune from corruption. Starting from the appointment of a consultant planner who violate procedures, mark up the budget, as well as the establishment of local regulations, all of which smells of corruption. Therefore in the process of urban spatial planning to the implementation of necessary reforms, which started from the theory / concept that is used, the procedure up to the implementation and enforcement need a change / reform.

As we know that the city's Land Use Plan contains a plan of urban land use, according to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 2 year 1987, divided into General Spatial Plan City, which is a long-term plans; Detailed Spatial Plan City, as a medium-term plan, and Technical Plan Spatial City, for the short term. The three types of urban spatial structure is presented in the form of maps and drawings of the obvious (blue print).

As noted by social science experts, that the nation of Indonesia as a developing nation, it is very dynamic with the changes that occur. What's more with fast-growing communications technology and transportation in the era of globalization. On the condition of such a society would not quite right with the implementation of urban spatial planning that are definitely or blue print planning. Blue print planning and more accurately applied to the community that has been established, because in this society that has been established, the changes that occur is very small. As for the people who are growing more appropriately applied to model the planning process.

Wisdom has been pursuing the growth of the macro economic level to make the master plan, the city serves as a means of supporting. Urban development is more oriented to the rich than to the poor. Hence the rich get richer and the poor increasingly excluded. It makes the city a more selfish, less humane, and its impact as illustrated above, as well as the occurrence of social jealousy, which results in mass riots. That is why reforms in city planning is a must for the Indonesian government is currently

Urban development planning in Indonesia

government has realized that the plan is expensive. But much more expensive is the development without planning. It is felt at all on urban development. In terms of urban development planning, in Indonesia has long held, beginning with the enactment of De Statuten van 1642, specifically for the city of Batavia (now Jakarta. The next period stipulated by the Indonesian Government Ordinance Standsvorming, Staatblaad No. 168 1948. This provision is effective until the enactment Act No. 24 of 1992 on Spatial Planning, which expressly revoked the entry into force Standsvorming Ordinance, Staatblaad No. 168 of 1948, the colonial-smelling.

Although the law on the new Spatial Planning established in 1992, which is exactly on October 13, 1992, this does not mean that the activities of urban spatial planning is not done by the Government. Beginning around the 1970s, a comprehensive spatial planning has been carried out under the responsibility of the Directorate General of Cipta Karya Department of Public Works, in cooperation with DG PUOD (Public Administration and Regional Autonomy) Department of the Interior. In general spatial pattern at that time was more referring to the spatial patterns in Europe, namely the pattern pemintakatan or strict zoning.

In the execution of the zoning pattern of spatial products are not effective, so the published instructions of the Minister of Interior No.: 30 of 1985 on Forest Law Enforcement and Regulations in the Context of Urban Management, which was followed by the issuance of: (a) the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 7 of 1986 concerning City Boundary Determination Across Indonesia, and (b) Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 2 of 1987 on Guidelines for City Planning. Both regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs is the reference of the parties involved in the preparation of urban spatial structure, prior to the enactment of Government Regulation on Implementation of Spatial Planning Act.

Product urban spatial planning that refers to both regulations the Minister of the Interior is felt to be more flexible (flexible), because it is more based on trends, and every 5 (five) years were evaluated and if there is deviation could be revised again. But in the absence of sanctions against violations of this city spatial plan also indicates the uncertainty of urban spatial plan which has been designated as local regulation.

The study found that in general drift towards urban spatial planning actually begins with government policies. This means local governments in charge of urban spatial planning is less consistent in carrying out urban development. As a major cause of lack of effective urban spatial plans (with indicators of various deviations) are in addition to lack of coordination between government offices, are also less inclusion of the community, so that the aspirations of less traffic load on the master plan of the city.

Of the things on the above can be said that the establishment of local regulations on urban spatial planning is just a formality, in accordance with the provisions of the Minister of the Interior. But starting from the preparation process, until the implementation and execution is far from what is desired by the rules basically.

anda punya imel !!!

• Traffic movement (solid line, less  TDM, etc.)
• Accident (people, vehicles, other materials)
• Peak-hour crowding on public transport (beyond capacity, LOS)
• Off-peak inadequacy of public transport (insufficiency)
• Difficulties for pedestrians (design, physical limitations of users, the K5)
• Environmental impact (pollution, waste energy, etc.)
• Difficulties Parking (on street parking)
• Etc ...

How to deal with transportation issues? How is the strategy?

• Understand the level of increased problems of transportation systems (partial or simultaneously; region> city > zone);
• Understand how physical characteristics of the region or city;
• Knowing the level of development activity (land use) and urban areas (historical form);
• Knowing the amount of city size (area and population > carrying capacity);
• Understanding the socio-cultural characteristics and economic society (urban areas or zones);
• The availability of resources and allocation of infrastructure financing;
• Understand the regulations related to urban development;
• Short term and long term planning strategy;
• Etc.. > frame of mind of the transportation system studies.

Many diagnostic Strategy Structure Directing the City Territory Development

1. FULL MOTORIZATION STRATEGY
2. WEAK CENTRE STRATEGY
3. STRONG CENTRE STRATEGY
4. TRAFFIC LIMITATION STRATEGY

FULL MOTORIZATION STRATEGY

• Generally, the physical structure of the city shaped the terrain (flat)
• Most of the United States in several areas of the city (LA, Detroit, Denver) and some Australian states (landing first structure)
• Urban areas > small towns (low density suburb) > agricultural areas of the city
• Structure-shaped area of the city grid system, freeway network (primary) at intervals of about 6.5 km (4 mile)
• Secondary Network (arterial and collector function) with intervals of 1.6 km; road tertiary (local / Access) with intervals of 0.4 km to connect the hierarchical.
• The concept of development of this city region structures > requires a network with large capacity
• Result: Private vehicles are very dependent, low travel distance, no region be the center of town, the economic structure of society self-sufficient

Critics of this concept:

• Critical to the development of activity centers
• Only suitable for areas with low density
• Interaction between regions is relatively low
• The cost of infrastructure development is very expensive
• etc

WEAK CENTRE STRATEGY

• Generally, the physical structure of the city shaped the terrain (flat)
• Most areas in several cities: Melbourne, Copenhagen, San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston (landing first structure)
• The structure of the city form a radial network node > suburban downtown
• Most of the work site locations around the peri-urban areas. Movements > suburban suburban / central city: circumference network system served more use of the railway.
• Investments in the road network (highway and park) is relatively low, but the cause of high costs if the transit system is under utilized (costly & under utilized transit system)

Critics of this concept:

• Critical if the development of high commuting
• Competition use of public transport versus private car; road vs. rail
• Operations  expensive public transport due to low utilization
• Development occurred around the area road network
• The development of commercial and industrial activities in the surrounding streets
• It takes a strict development control to guide the development of the city.
• etc

STRONG CENTRE STRATEGY

• Generally, the physical structure of the town was formed from the existence of the center city area of intensive activity that requires a very expensive cost for infrastructure development.
• Comprising the main center (center) and several sub-centers
• The strong attraction as a destination downtown from suburban > movement needed a superior transportation system accessibility
• Network systems radial movement of the main center of sub-centers > major centers, using a corridor system
• Database systems are integrated highway and railway network (integrated)
• Comprehensive Highway & park with rail systems in the various sub-centers
• Requires the AU network with large capacity and good quality LOS
• Found (initial structure) in Paris, Tokyo, New York, Athens, Toronto, Sidney, Hamburg with the characteristics of this transport system
• Listen
• Read phonetically

Critics of this concept:

• Critical if the development of high commuting
• Competition use of public transport versus private car; road vs. rail
• Operations > expensive public transport due to low utilization
• Development occurred around the area road network
• The development of commercial and industrial activities in the surrounding streets
• It takes a strict development control to guide the development of the city.
• etc

LOW COST STRATEGY

• In contrast with the physical structure of the strong city region strategy centers due to limited infrastructure development costs (some countries in Asia, Africa and South America).
• Transport development strategy with relatively low cost but can accommodate the services structure with high density urban areas (central city)
• Base system was highway network movement (combined radial and grid system)
• Area sub-center > (directed) to reduce the burden of the main center of town, using a corridor system
• Found (initial structure development) in Bogota, Calcutta, Istanbul, Manila, Karachi, Taheran with characteristic transport system like this.

Critics of this concept:

• Very critical if the development of downtown is not followed by a strict application of development control (sub-centers and centers)
• Competition use of public transport versus private car; road vs. rail
• Operations  expensive public transport due to low utilization
• Development occurred around the area road network
• The development of commercial activities of the existing distribution of hard (high rise building)
• etc

TRAFFIC LIMITATION STRATEGY

1. Cities of the base highway network system
2. The imbalance between supply vs. demand transport
3. Increased ownership and use of private modes, result in:, - The need for construction of road network increased rapidly, - Requires Traffic Demand Management (TDM) as a strategy as restrictions on movement (effectiveness and efficiency of movement and use of public transport modes with a good LOS)
4. TDM practices intensively conducted in London, Singapore, Hong Kong, Stocholm, Vienna, Bremen.
5. Listen
6. Read phonetically

Critics of this concept:

• Very critical if the development of downtown is not followed by a strict application of development control (sub-centers and centers)
• Competition use of public transport versus private car; road vs. rail
• Operations > expensive public transport due to low utilization
• Development occurred around the area road network
• The development of commercial activities of the existing distribution of hard (high rise building)
• etc

Regional Spatial Structure of Cities and Transportation System

(Thomson, 2007. 93: City Structure means the size and shape of the city and the distribution of homes, jobs, and other activities within the city (i.e geographical area) of the city, in relation to its population, determines the overal density of development, which is of vital importance for transport).

• Urban Form is the spatial pattern or “arrangement” of individual elements – such as buildings and land use (or collectively, the built environment), as well as social groups, economic activities and pubic institutions-within an urban area;
• Urban Interaction is : set of interrelationship, linkages, and flow the act to “integrate” the pattern and behavior of individual land use, groups and activities into the functioning entities that were described above as subsystems;
• Urban spatial structure formally combines an urban form and an overlay of pattern of behavior and interaction within subsystems with a set of “organizational” rules : subsystems together into a city system.

Principles of Urban Structure and Growth:

• These rules most frequently relate to the operation of three process:
• The competitive economic land market
• The functioning of government and public institutions
• The accepted canons or norms of social behavior

Propositions on Structural Growth:

1. Size > that all systems have some minimum size (or threshold) necessary...
2. Inhomogeneity > ... System may not be the same as those
3. Non-proportional change > ... In the ralationship between the various parts of the systems
4. Growth-form dependency > that the growth of a system determines its initial form...
5. Designer principles > much as an architect does in designing a building, or planner, or developer > laying out new neigborhood

The development pattern Kagiatan City: (Larry S. Bourne, 1982, Internal Structure of the City Reading on Urban Form, Growth and Policy, Second edition, Oxford University Press, New York, USA)

• Unstructured City: Patterns of spread, concentration of activity is unclear, difficult to identify the main activity, secondary and tertiary in an area.
• Structured City: opposite; have the composition and characteristics / patterns of different activities, different levels of density, activity patterns of concentration clearly identified.

Influential factors: the pattern and structure of city

• Geographical features: physical areas / cities; flat, mountainous / hills, river or coastal areas;
• Relative accessibility: ease of mobility (travel time, cost factors, comfort or safety);
• Development control: incentives and disincentives estate development, infrastructure, land ownership and development tax
• Dinamic proccesses: dynamic development activities have accelerated > region that differ between regions.