Some of the classification region

Territorial division based on the center-periphery region (centreperiphery), although the basic classification, but can be very rough as a useful policy framework for regional development. Bernard Okun and Richard W. Ridrardson create a classification based on the level prosperity and growing capabilities of each region. The level of prosperity expressed by regional income per capita, and the ability to grow is reflected by the growth rate of development. Furthermore, based on these criteria, the various regions can be classified into 4 groups, as follows:

1. The areas of low-income per capita and less developed or low per capita and stagnant regions (LS).

2. The areas of income per capita is high but less developed or high per capita income and stagnant regions (HS).

3. The areas of income per capita is low but growing or low per capita income and growing regions (LG).

4. The areas of high per capita income and growing or high per capita in come, and growing regions (HG).

The classification above can be used to determine the extent of the influence of internal mobility of population resources, capital and other production factors, as well as trade flows between regions, whether to provide benefits or otherwise will create obstacles in the growth areas, both in the region of origin and in destination region. As an example can be mentioned, namely the short-term migration of population out of the area are low-income per capita to developing regions will tend to affect the level of incompatibility between the two regions,

and its influence in the long term will provide the benefits of good growth in the region of origin and in destination areas.

Another example, that migration flows into the region per capita income high and growing per capita than low-income areas and less developed in general consists of low-quality labor force, this will reduce the level of income per capita in the destination, in other hand reduces the labor supply in the region of origin, which in turn tend to be increasing income per capita in the region.

J. Friedmann and W. Aloson showing classification consisting of four development areas, namely (i) metropolitan regions, (1I) deoelopmenat xes, (iii) the frontier regions, d an (iv) depressed regions. Metropolitan regions or metropolitan areas are often referred to as a core regions (core areas). These development centers are usually the big cities with all the activities and facilities industry, trade, transport and communications, finance and banking, and government administration, all of which have major influence on the development of surrounding areas (hinterland) and other small towns (small centers).

Development axes or axis of development, covering areas located on the transportation network that connects two or more metropolitan areas. Roughly speaking we can say that the prospects of development these areas will more or less proportional to the level and extent of development of the territories they relate. As an example can be noted that the axis of development in Japan focuses on three major areas namely the Tokyo-Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, and Osaka-Kobe.

Frontier regions or border areas. With the advancement of new technology, population pressure, as well as new national goals often point to encourage development in areas that have not been processed (oirgin areas).

Depressed regions or areas of stagnation or decline in development because it has no potential for development of reliable resources, such as arid and arid regions. Other zoning system in some countries could be offered, for example in the Netherlands (Regional Economic Policy 1977-1980) classification consists of (i) centers

lgrowth scattered growth centers), (ii) the region that has a drive for development (incentiae area) located in the Northeast, (iii) the restructured region (restructuring area) who are at the tengatr, and (iv) areas that have been restricted (restriction area \ that is the province located in the South.

In France in the homogeneous region are met: (i) areas that are very advanced (the most highly developed regions) consisting of the city of Paris and the surrounding areas, the areas north and east, (ii) the newly developed area (The

newly developing zones) such as regions of Lyon and Provence, and (iii) areas that are underdeveloped and slow growth (less developed and Slowly growing regions) which includes the French territories of the West, Southwest and Central .. In Canada there Hartland terms of concentration of industrial activities and their supporters are more advanced than the hinterland (the back)

Develop the concept of Spatial Economic region

In the discussion of regional problems are the use of various terms. There are some authors (of whom Boudeville) use spatial terms, although between the region and there are spatial but not substantial difference. Regarding the spatial understanding itself turned out not merge because a different view considering that the studies that are multi-discipline area (of Earth Sciences, Economics, Social Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and others). so the spatial structure have many different terms.

Spatial structure can be interpreted as a traditional environment of human life, have provisions and its own ability to regulate the activities of its inhabitants, and even the spatial structure is considered as one of the goals of development. logically and historically, according Boudeville spatial structure can be divided into three terms, namely spatial economics, spatial geographic region, and spatial mathematics. The concept of spatial economics has a more operational sense, for example associated with capital investment, transport networks, industrial, and agricultural technologies create new developments, which include the materials of new materials and new rules. The concept of economic spatial layout can be distinguished by geographic region

Earth Sciences experts put humans in the natural environment, contrary economists regard the environment as one of the factors that influence human activities. Spatial geographic area is a three-dimensional spatial structure, while the economic spatial structure is more complex and multi-dimensional nature.

Spatial economy with different spatial mathematics, namely mathematical spatial truly is abstract and has nothing to do with geographic location. if a spatial structure is formed solely by economic variables, the spatial structure is the spatial structure of mathematics, which means that mathematically can happen everywhere, but otherwise the economic spatial structure is the application of economic variables in above for human needs on a geographic spatial, and through a mathematical transformation can be explained the economic process.

In terms of formal relationship development, spatial economics is a field or arena of power (a field of forces), is a spatial polarization, namely as a place where there is a concentration or concentration of economic activities which are relatively large (the factories and corporations) and significantly different than the surrounding areas. In the field of industrial activity can be shown that the greater the gap in terms of productivity levels in urban and in rural areas, which raised the problem of spatial inequality.

In the abstract, spatial economics emphasizes the aspects of convergence process of growth at the spatial points (Perroux). Within the framework of the analysis area, geographic dimension has been put into effect the development center, this means that the spatial economy is very closely related

with a spatial geographic region (Boudeille). According to Friedmann, Development comes at a small number of centers that change lies in the interaction point which has the highest potential; development tends to spread down and out from these centers into the surrounding area who have lower interaction potential, but does not address the problem of optimum site selection industry and does not specify what type of investment also should be established in urban centers, therefore classified as Friedmann theory without spatial structure (spacelesss) as well as the theory of Perroux although the scope of broader review.

Economic Implications of Regional Spatial planning Dimensions

Location theory to discuss the determinants of the location of an industry or factory in the right location that is at the point of having the lowest costs (least cost). While the economy of a region (regional) discussed the interaction between various resources (human, natural, capital, technology and institutional) on the surface area to meet community development needs and the expected progress effectively and efficiently. Goals from both theory (the theory of the location of regional economic dah) although not the same but show similarities direction, often regarded as a step child (stepchildren) within the family of Economics, which means having a very close relationship between them.

Traditional economic theory ignored the spatial aspect. Although the classical economists was Adam Smith's pioneering yanq wrote many scientific works on a series of evolutionary developments in economic activity. Their formal analysis can be said to be static and without spatial structure; by Walter Isard said to be "a wonderland of no spatial dimensions." The validity of economic laws is absolute (absolute), means universally applicable, equal to all the places (countries) and the whole time. Not surprising that this statement has been attracting more reaction.

A manifestation of these reactions is of economists mashab (flow). history (historical) pioneered by Friedrich List (1841), his National System of Political Economy, which many followers came from Germany, which stressed that the theory is correct or not must be assessed by reference or trend in social reality, they understand the significance of the element of time explicitly incorporated into the theory in the unit price. Because of the location advantages include time savings that would reduce or suppress the delay delivery of the goods, then the spatial aspects of the area to be treated as an aspect of time.

Economists generally believe that they consider factor analysis equipment layout area is only a partial understanding. They tend to assume that the factors of non-economic have dominant effect on spatial patterns in the area of economic activity. The location of various natural resources is certain, while the consideration of non-economic considerations are considered as the determining factor in the decision where they live, work and carry out production activities.

In analyzing the economic implications of spatial dimensions there are at least three ways of view, two of which explicitly take into account the distance variable, while the third treated implicitly. First, a type of analysis assumes that the location of population, industry and resources is certain, as well as road transport chain and the assumption about the spatial structure is as a friction or a shift towards commodity flows between the points which are considered certain. in particular models of this kind are often dealing with the determination of the pattern of commodity flows and linkage equilibrium price.

Friction or linkages between the spatial structure is measured by the cost of transportation and spatial interaction. Although transportation costs reflect the influence of other variables such as volume and weight and density of traffic, but the transportation costs that change directly to the distance. In fact most of the level of transportation costs is less proportional to the distance (tapping rates). The level of transportation cost per ton / kilometer down to the unit distance is increased further. Because transportation costs limit the ability of goods produced at a site to compete with goods produced in another location, then there is a tendency that the flow of goods has decreased farther distances. Second, is to adopt a spatial analysis has been generalized to include the determination of spatial structure and spatial treated as a matrix for the placement of economic activity.

Lokasio approach emphasizes spatial heterogeneity of the system. Production, consumption and population spread. Spatial preference of most individuals, the savings of scale and agglomeration advantages encourage the concentration of productive activity and concentration of population in the centers of a limited number. So the cities and urban units is the relevant object of study in the economics of location and economic areas, because in a conglomeration of regional spatial population there and because of the growth of cities can be explained by the forces of economics and sociology in a systematic manner. On the other hand, the location of natural resources are geographically dispersed, so far apart, which need to be pursued is the minimization of transportation costs.

The balance of opposing forces between centralization and distribution, will determine the structure lokasio (spatial) economic and spatial structure of this economy can explain the formation of flow patterns of production factors and commodities between the optimal spatial structure. Third, is the type of analysis that concentrates on the linkages between the regions in the national economic system. Although geographical factors are not implicitly understood in economic analysis, in the sense that the areas given constraints as having a certain area, the distance variable has not received attention as it should. Areas to be treated as an integral part of a multi-sectoral economy, but because the cost of transportation and distance elements considered

as things that have an influence that can not be ignored in the relationship between regions, then the system is seen as a peripheral region of points which are spatially separated. partly because it ignores the spatial factors and partly because of economic problems in key areas such as regional growth, fluctuations and stabilization policy, and the theory of income determination, then the analysis can be categorized as, macro-regional economies. a valid approach to develop a growth model at the regional level, each region is treated as a whole in an open economy that allows the application of analysis of the flow of goods and people between regions.

According to the stages theory (Friedrich List, 1g46), that economic development will develop following a single evolutionary path, as follows:: Primitive cultures, where the tribes who traveled and self-sufficient families by farming.

1. Feudalism, increases gradually with the narrowness of space life, primitive economy evolved into feudalism. In the Middle Ages, an order of government and exploitation mainly based on land ownership, regulating social and economic life of the king to slave.
2. Capitalism. Feudalism ended in the Renaissance and Reformation produce industrial revolution. farmers leave their land and go into the cities to be proletariat.
3. socialism and communism. Capitalism is considered as an intermediate stage only which will be replaced by socialism or communism, as capitalism replaced feudalism.

The theory of the stages can be used as a reference to determine the direction of future development, but acknowledged that not all predicted it happen. Although capitalism stricken by economic depression-depression that grew serious, the worst was the World Depression of the 1930s but can be overcome. Who would have thought that John Maynard Keynes has emerged and developed the theory of market economy which allows the use of fiscal and monetary policy to soften the business cycle and overcome the chronic lethargy.

The concept of territory in the theoretical analysis

One of the main issues to reveal the importance of the region dimension in development planning is introduced the concept of territory in the theoretical analysis.

It is known along that area is a sub system of the system spatial region nationally. However, in providing further understanding limits can vary due to Regional Studies is interdisciplinary, and therefore required an insight in order to achieve uniformity of views. According to Aristotelian logic, everything can be given a definition or definitions of the three sides of view, namely: (i) seen from the description of material (material description), (ii) according to the formal relations (formal relations), and (iii) is associated with late goal (final objecte). In accordance with the logic of the concept of territory (region) can be divided into three regions, namely (i) homogeneous region (homogeneous region), (ii) the polarization (polarization region) or the nodal (nodal region), and (iii) region planning (planning region) or the program (programming region).

Homogeneous region is defined as a concept which assumes that geographical regions can be linked together into a single region if these regions have the same traits or characteristics. The characteristics

or characteristics may be economic, such as the structure of production is almost equal or homogeneous consumption patterns or the level of income per capita is included in the same group, can also be geographical, topographical or climate suppose that a similar situation, and even social nature can also be political,

such a distinctive regional personality, so easily distinguished by traits or characteristics other areas

In economic theory, similarity in the level of income per capita is a common criterion used to determine the homogeneity of a region. Homogeneous region is analyzed as a determination or as a whole, which is seen how the growth or decline of the region without considering the influence of regional economic interdependence or dependence is concerned with other areas. Nationally, those areas viewed as components of a national economic system that consists of many sectors. In such an analysis is the effect of distance (distance) and differences in spatial (space \ the environment of the areas neglected. It could be argued that the concept of homogeneous regions is an intuitive sense because it is descriptive.

How to approach as presented above are based on macro-economic analysis between regions (interregional macro economics). How this approach is the application of models of national income and national growth model at the regional level. In this case each region is treated as an open economy, thus the models above analysis explains the trade flows, the flow of production factors between regions, and regional income. Fundamental problems such as changes in regional income, regional fluctuations, stabilization policies and the determinants of regional growth can be discussed based on the framework of a national analysis

Nodal areas (central) or regions of polarization (polar) units consisting of a heterogeneous region, such as distribution of the population concentrated in certain places would result in the emergence of large cities, medium cities, and towns Another small town, while residents in rural areas are relatively rare, or in other words the national highway traffic showed a more intensive level of polarization compared with other cities that are not located on highway traffic network.

Categories planning area or region is vital if the program is associated with problems of regional policy. At the national or regional level, spatial planning areas required by the government as a tool to achieve development targets have been set. Zoning plans have been prepared based on the analysis of sectoral development activities are localized in geographical environment units. Regional planning is a unit area of development, where development programs implemented. In this case shown is an important issue of coordination and decentralization of regional development can be enhanced and developed. There is a negative correlation between the development plan period and the amount of territory planning. For the medium term development plan (about 5 years) the number of planning areas tend to be more than the development plan over the long term (15-20 years prospective development will come). For long-term plans have simplified the number of regions considered to be more effective and useful.

The use of spatial terms in this book is meant to give attention on the importance of spatial dimensions (aspects of location) in units of the region as a sub system. Spatial dimension means to reveal traits or characteristics of geography and economic conditions in which development activities undertaken. Region as a sub-system is the designation for the Earth's surface environment in general and of course a limit, is a model of interaction of various elements related to human life and development in the area concerned. Spatial direction has a clear meaning, because it expresses a form of structure and layout of the use and relationship of land use and land use as a spatial relationship, thereby useful in the preparation of appropriate project plan development right in the sense of its kind, right amount, right and proper capacity location.

important dimension of the region (regional) as a location factor in development planning

dimensional region is very important and the factors to be taken into account in the development of analyzing and determining where a program or project is placed in development planning. region connoted by the location of a development activity or economic activities such as industry or factory, enterprise, and service facilities, thus the selection or determination of its location will affect the sustainability of these activities.

if done correctly determine its location, it is expected that these activities will take place in a productive and efficient, but can also reverse the selection of the wrong location will result in these activities are not productive and inefficient, therefore the selection of the location of each business activity must be considered carefully and appropriate. determining the location of an industry or production units are generally associated with the location of the source of raw materials and its market area.

the criteria used can vary, for example, low transport costs, availability of labor resources in relatively large quantities and cheap, the availability of water resources and energy are quite large, or any other attraction in the form of savings and savings lokasional agglomeration.

selection of commodities and the location of the spread on district

selection of commodities and locations in line with socio-economic empowerment is a process in setting the district that began with the activities of CWC commodity analysis to see the district commodities, commodity distribution analysis to look at commodity distribution sites, and assessment alignment with PSE district.

the goal is to identify the leading agricultural commodities cultivated in the district. identify the location of the distribution of agricultural commodities in the district superior. create a harmonization commodities district and the location of the PSE district.

expected outcome is the election of a maximum of 3 priority commodities districts to be developed. election of a maximum of 3 sub-districts as a priority development location commodities districts and the election of a maximum of 3 priority commodities in 3 sub-district development location priority commodities district that is consistent with PSE's mission district.

data required are: production data for each commodity traded at the district level during the last 5 years. price data for each commodity traded at the district level during the last 5 years. production data for each commodity traded at the provincial level during the last 5 years. price data for each commodity traded at the provincial level during the last 5 years. production data of each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. data the amount of labor each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. harvested area data of each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. data leading commodities prices last 5 years. data on the number and type of supporting infrastructure at the district level. commodity marketing area data at district level and the number of derivatives industry (processing) commodities at the district level.