regional plan: Spatial Structure

Definition of the structure of space

Space structure is the arrangement of residential centers, network systems and infrastructure systems and facilities. All this serves as a support socio-economic activities that are functionally related hierarchy. Is a form of structural layout and space utilization patterns either planned or not. Utilization of space is a form of structural arrangement of the constituent elements of the natural environmental setting, social environment, and the artificial environment that is hierarchical and structurally related to each other to form layout.

The elements that form the structure of urban space (Sinulingga, 2005: 97, ie

1. A collection of services including trade, governance, financial groups tend distributed in service stations.

2. Collection of secondary industry (manufacturing) warehousing and wholesale trade tend to congregate in one place.

3. Neighborhood as a place of residence of the man and the green open spaces.
4. Transportation network linking the three places above.
The shape and structure of the model space

Shape the structure of urban space when viewed from the service center (retail) is divided into three, namely (Sinulingga, 2005:103-105)

1. Monocentric city

Monocentric city is a city that has not been growing rapidly, its population has not been much, and only have one service center that also functions as the CBD (Central Bussines District).

2. Polycentric City

Development of the city resulted in service by a service center is not efficient anymore. The cities are getting bigger need more than one service centers whose number depends on the number of city dwellers. CBD service functions taken over by the new service center, called sub-center (regional center) part of the city. Meanwhile, the CBD gradually changed from the center of retail services (retail) to complex commercial office activities which may include the power range of services rather than the city area alone, but the area around the city which is also called the city's sphere of influence.

CBD and several sub-center or center part of the city (regional centers) will shape the city into a polycentric city, or tend to like multiple nuclei city consisting of:

a. CBD, namely the old downtown office complex that has become

b. Inner suburbs (areas around the CBD), which is part of the city that had been served by the city CBD underdeveloped and after developing some still served by the CBD but some are served by the sub-center

c. Sub-center, which is the central service which later grew with the development of

d. Outer suburbs (suburbs), namely the reduction of the expansionist activities of the city and is served entirely by sub-center

e. Urban fringe (areas of the city limits), the suburbs are gradually does not show the shape of the city again, but leads to a form of rural (rural area)

3. Cities metropolitan

A large metropolitan city is a city surrounded by suburbs that separated far enough with the urban fringe of the city, but all of them forming an integrated system in metropolitan service area population.

The model structure of space when seen by the center - the center of his ministry include:

1. Mono centered

Consists of one central and several sub-centers are not interconnected between the sub-center is the one with the other sub-centers.

2. Multi-nodal

Consists of one central and several sub-centers and sub-sub-centers that are connected to each other. Sub-sub-center in addition to connecting directly to the sub-center is also connected directly to the center.

3. Multi-centered

Consists of several centers and sub centers which are connected to each other.

4. Non-centered

In this model there is no central node as well as sub-center. All nodes have the same hierarchy and are connected between each other.

Model Structure of Space

Sources: Sinulingga 2005

In addition, some authors have also made structural typology as the following figure:

Typology of Space Structures

Sources: Wiegen (2005)

Understanding the central and sub-urban service centers

The city center is the center of all activities of the city including political, social, cultural, economic, and technological. When viewed from the function, the center of town is the central place that acts as a central service for those areas in belakngnya, supply it with goods and services to, these services can be arranged in order of ascending and descending thresholds depending on the demand for goods . The city center is divided into two parts:

1. The very core (The Heart of the area) is called RBD (Retail Business District)

Dominant activity in this section include department stores, smartshop, office building, clubs, hotels, Headquarter of economic, civic, political.

2. Welcome section called WBD (Whole Business District) which is occupied by buildings that cater to economic activity in large numbers, among others, market and warehousing.

Meanwhile, according to Arthur and Simon (1973), the center is the spatial and administrative center of its territory that has some characteristics, namely

1. The city center is a place from generation to generation witnessed the changes of time.

2. The city center is where the vitality of the town to obtain food and energy, with the spread of activity centers such as government, the location for the town hall, large shops, and cinemas.

3. The city center is a place where people go to work, the place where they "go out".

4. The city center is the center terminal of the network, railways, and public transportation.

5. The city center is an area where we find the course of business, government offices, services, warehouses and processing industries, employment centers, metropolitan economic area.

6. The city center is a major income tax, although small but the value of existing buildings in the city center is a large proportion of all the whole town, because the center has the necessary infrastructure for economic growth.

7. The city center is an administrative function centers and wholesale trade, contains a series of retail shops, professional offices, service companies, movie theaters, branches of banks and stock exchanges. Self-sufficiency in a small town, this area also provides a large trading facility includes administrative centers and transportation required.

While understanding the service sub-center of town is a center that provides services to residents and the activities of most areas of the city, where he has a hierarchy, function, scale, and lower service area of the city center, but higher than the environmental center.

Factors emergence of service centers

The factors that led to a service center, which is

1. Location Factor

Strategic location of an area that causes an area can become a service center.

2. Resource Availability Factor

Availability of resources can lead to a region at the center of service.

3. Agglomeration Strength

Strength of agglomeration occurs because there is something similar to encourage economic activity clustered in sutu locations because of an advantage, which in turn will lead to the emergence of centers of activity.

4. Factors Government Investment

These three factors above lead to the emergence of the service centers scientifically, while government investment factor is something that deliberately (Artificial).

Urban development and spatial structure

The development of urban areas is a process of urban change in state from a state to another in a different time. Highlights changes in circumstances are usually based on different time and space to analyze the same. According JHGoode in Daldjoeni (1996: 87), urban development is seen as a function of the factors of population, control equipment or the environment, technological advances and progress in social organization.

Meanwhile, according to Bintarto (1989), development of the city can be seen from the aspect of zones within urban areas. In this concept Bintarto describes the development of the city seen from the use of land that make up specific zones within the urban space while according to Branch (1995), the shape of the city as a whole reflects the geographical position and characteristics of the place. Branch also noted examples of urban development patterns on flat terrain in the form of illustration such as:

a) topography,

b) buildings,

c) transportation routes,

d) open space,

e) the density of buildings,

f) the local climate,

g) vegetation cover and

h) the aesthetic quality.

Schematically Branch, described the six patterns of urban development, as follows:

General Pattern of Urban Development

Sources: Branch, 1996

Based on the morphological appearance of the city and the type of deployment of the existing urban area, Hudson in Jonah (1999), suggests several alternative models of urban form. Broadly speaking there are 7 (seven) pieces of the suggested model form, that is;

(A) the form of satellite and new centers (satellite and neighborhood plans), the main town with small towns will be intertwined relationship of functional linkage of effective and efficient;

(B) the form of stellar or radial (stellar radial or plans), each tongue shaped activity center that serves both provide services in urban areas and that juts into the plan as a green line and serves as the lungs of the city, a place of recreation and sport center for urban dwellers;

(C) form a ring (or ring linear circuit plans), the town developed along the main roads that circle, in the middle of the area preserved as open green areas;

(D) a linear form beaded (bealded linear plans), smaller urban centers grew on either side of the main urban centers, urban growth is limited only along the main road, the pattern is generally linear, alongside a road usually occupied by commercial buildings and occupied residential areas behind ;

(E) form the core / compact (the compact cores or plans), development of the city is usually dominated by developments thus enabling the creation of vertical concentration of many buildings on a small area;

(F) the form of scattered (dispersed city plans), in the unity of a large and compact morphology there are several urban centers, where each center has a group of special functions and different from each other; and

(G) form an underground city (under ground city plans), urban structures constructed below the earth's surface so that the morphologic appearance can not be observed on the surface of the earth, in the area it serves as a green belt or agricultural areas that remain green.