Cities Development Program for Small and Medium Enterprises

The program aims to: (1) improve the ability of development and productivity of small towns and medium, (2) increase the external functions of small towns and medium enterprises in a 'system of economic development areas "and establish an internal service these cities.

The main activities to be performed to mefasilitasi local government are:

1. Increased growth of small industries in small towns, especially the processing of agricultural industries (agroindustry) from rural areas, through: (a) the development of small industries sentrasentra using appropriate technology, (b) increasing function of the local market; (c ) improving infrastructure and transportation facilities that connect small towns with rural territories;.

2. Preparation and consolidation of basic social infrastructure in urban cities to small and medium enterprises can serve internal and external functions of his city, especially areas that are included in the unit area of ​​economic development;

3. Empowerment capabilities: (a) The apparatus of professionalism in the management and productivity improvements the city, (b) entrepreneurship and management of small and medium entrepreneurs in improving business operations, including the application of 'good corporate governance', (c) the community to participate in decision-making policies urban public in towns small and medium enterprises;

4. Completion of institutional reforms and restructuring of institutions by applying the principles of 'good urban governance in the management of urban small towns and medium enterprises in order to improve the functioning of public services;

5. Empowerment of the city government's ability to mobilize development funds through:

(A) strengthening partnerships with the private and the public, (b) direct loans from commercial banks and the provincial and federal levels; (c) the issuance of local bonds (municipal bonds), (d) extension and intensification of taxes and levies;

6. Empowerment of small and medium businesses the ability, through: (a) provision of access to capital, (b) development of market information for local products, (c) the provision of appropriate technological assistance.

POLICY DEVELOPMENT AREA

1. One government policies relating to regional economic development is to provide autonomy to the regions to implement regional development programs, so that all the accountability, management and financing by local governments.
2. However, as known in spite of regional autonomy, economic development in the area not only from a regional development program (as a manifestation of the principle of decentralization), but also from sectoral programs (as an embodiment of the principle of deconcentration). Both programs were run jointly by the government in order to bridge the gap between the regions economic development progress. However, to date sectoral programs still dominate regional programs, so that regional autonomy is real, dynamic, and responsible yet fully materialized.
3. Strong growth is not yet fully enjoyed equally by society in the region. Interregional economic diversity is partly because the level of significant differences in growth rates between regions, the potential between regions that have been developed, the rate of population growth, inflation, employment by sector, the quality of human resources, facilities available across regions and levels of labor productivity between regions.
4. In addition, disparities between regions due to different economic structures, where the dominant fast-growing sector could encourage other sectors which in turn affect economic growth in the area. Ekonmi high growth will also affect the amount of contribution to the GDP of the Province.
5. inter-regional imbalances in the economy regarding the pattern and direction of investment and allocation priorities among the various regions within the unitary state or province, especially regarding the investment in human resources and investment in physical infrastructure. This in turn will affect the rate of economic growth and per capita income levels between regions in a region, so the likelihood of difference and inequality in the pattern, growth rate and per capita income across various regions in a region within one country.
6. Since 1999 economic growth began to increase, but because most of the districts still rely on economic growth in primary sectors such as natural resources, oil and gas, causing the income gap between regions is also increasing. This is illustrated by the contribution of primary sector is still relatively large, especially for oil and gas.
7. This situation is in fact if not addressed with wise, will affect the economic structure of Jambi Province, which in turn dependent on oil and gas become large, and creativity to encourage other sectors can be reduced.
8. Thus, if associated with a trend of increasing levels of income inequality across regions gives an indication that there is a positive relationship between levels of income disparities among regions with economic growth in the province of Jambi, for several periods. Characteristics very different areas between the western and eastern requires different handling, both in infrastructure and human resources.

handling of community-based flood

Across Indonesia, recorded 5590 the parent river and 600 of them potentially cause flooding. Flood-prone areas covered by these rivers reach the parent 1.4 million hectares. From various studies have been conducted, the flooding-prone regions, basically due to three things. First, human activities are causing changes in the spatial occurrence and impact on natural changes.

Second, natural events such as very high rainfall, rising sea levels, storms, and sebagainya.1 Third, environmental degradation such as loss of ground cover plants in catchment areas, siltation of rivers due to sedimentation, the narrowing of the river and so on.

Flooding not only causes the rice fields were flooded and so can not be harvested and devastated housing and settlements, but also damage facilities social services and community economic public infrastructure, and even casualties.

Greater losses if the disruption of economic activity and government, even cessation. Although community participation in order to control flooding is very real. especially in emergency response activities, but the flooding causing additional financial burden countries, mainly to rehabilitate and restore damaged public parasana function.

The occurrence of a series of floods in a relatively short time and be repeated every year, demands for greater efforts to anticipate it, so the loss can be minimized.

Government efforts that are structural (structural approach), was not fully able to address the problem of flooding in Indonesia. Flood prevention, has been more focused on providing the physical building of flood control to reduce the impact of disasters.

In addition, although the non-physical policy - which generally includes participation society - in the response to flooding has been made, but not implemented properly, does not even fit the needs of society, so that its effectiveness is questionable.

Sectoral policies, centralized, and top-down without involving the community already not in accordance with the global developments that require decentralization, democracy, and participation of stakeholders, especially communities affected disaster.

The question is who is called society? How far can people participate? And at the stage where the public can participate? 

The answers to these questions, should be considered in formulate and implement policies of community participation in flood mitigation. Policy mistakes caused the various interests of the individual / group is more dominant, then the policy used for the benefit of a negative.

As a result policies established ineffective, even canceled. Thus,flood prevention are just mere physical development (structural approach), should be synergized with the construction of non-physical (non-structural approach), which provide more space for the emergence of community participation, so the result is more optimal. From the above, flood prevention policy that is physical, must be balanced with measures of non-physical, so the role of the community and other stakeholders were given the appropriate place.

In order for flood prevention is more integrative and effective, it is necessary not only coordination at the implementation level, but also at the level of policy planning, including community participation and other stakeholders. Based on the consideration that, as an institution which was assigned to coordinate the planning of development, National Development Planning Agency examines a comprehensive flood prevention policy and unbiased sectors and regions, with emphasis on community participation in flood mitigation.

source picture: beritadaerah.com

Spatial Structure

Definition of the structure of space

Space structure is the arrangement of residential centers, network systems and infrastructure systems and facilities. All this serves as a support socio-economic activities that are functionally related hierarchy. Is a form of structural layout and space utilization patterns either planned or not. Utilization of space is a form of structural arrangement of the constituent elements of the natural environmental setting, social environment, and the artificial environment that is hierarchical and structurally related to each other to form layout.

The elements that form the structure of urban space (Sinulingga, 2005: 97, ie

1. A collection of services including trade, governance, financial groups tend distributed in service stations.

2. Collection of secondary industry (manufacturing) warehousing and wholesale trade tend to congregate in one place.

3. Neighborhood as a place of residence of the man and the green open spaces.
4. Transportation network linking the three places above.
The shape and structure of the model space

Shape the structure of urban space when viewed from the service center (retail) is divided into three, namely (Sinulingga, 2005:103-105)

1. Monocentric city

Monocentric city is a city that has not been growing rapidly, its population has not been much, and only have one service center that also functions as the CBD (Central Bussines District).

2. Polycentric City

Development of the city resulted in service by a service center is not efficient anymore. The cities are getting bigger need more than one service centers whose number depends on the number of city dwellers. CBD service functions taken over by the new service center, called sub-center (regional center) part of the city. Meanwhile, the CBD gradually changed from the center of retail services (retail) to complex commercial office activities which may include the power range of services rather than the city area alone, but the area around the city which is also called the city's sphere of influence.

CBD and several sub-center or center part of the city (regional centers) will shape the city into a polycentric city, or tend to like multiple nuclei city consisting of:

a. CBD, namely the old downtown office complex that has become

b. Inner suburbs (areas around the CBD), which is part of the city that had been served by the city CBD underdeveloped and after developing some still served by the CBD but some are served by the sub-center

c. Sub-center, which is the central service which later grew with the development of

d. Outer suburbs (suburbs), namely the reduction of the expansionist activities of the city and is served entirely by sub-center

e. Urban fringe (areas of the city limits), the suburbs are gradually does not show the shape of the city again, but leads to a form of rural (rural area)

3. Cities metropolitan

A large metropolitan city is a city surrounded by suburbs that separated far enough with the urban fringe of the city, but all of them forming an integrated system in metropolitan service area population.

The model structure of space when seen by the center - the center of his ministry include:

1. Mono centered

Consists of one central and several sub-centers are not interconnected between the sub-center is the one with the other sub-centers.

2. Multi-nodal

Consists of one central and several sub-centers and sub-sub-centers that are connected to each other. Sub-sub-center in addition to connecting directly to the sub-center is also connected directly to the center.

3. Multi-centered

Consists of several centers and sub centers which are connected to each other.

4. Non-centered

In this model there is no central node as well as sub-center. All nodes have the same hierarchy and are connected between each other.

Model Structure of Space

Sources: Sinulingga 2005

In addition, some authors have also made structural typology as the following figure:

Typology of Space Structures

Sources: Wiegen (2005)

Understanding the central and sub-urban service centers

The city center is the center of all activities of the city including political, social, cultural, economic, and technological. When viewed from the function, the center of town is the central place that acts as a central service for those areas in belakngnya, supply it with goods and services to, these services can be arranged in order of ascending and descending thresholds depending on the demand for goods . The city center is divided into two parts:

1. The very core (The Heart of the area) is called RBD (Retail Business District)

Dominant activity in this section include department stores, smartshop, office building, clubs, hotels, Headquarter of economic, civic, political.

2. Welcome section called WBD (Whole Business District) which is occupied by buildings that cater to economic activity in large numbers, among others, market and warehousing.

Meanwhile, according to Arthur and Simon (1973), the center is the spatial and administrative center of its territory that has some characteristics, namely

1. The city center is a place from generation to generation witnessed the changes of time.

2. The city center is where the vitality of the town to obtain food and energy, with the spread of activity centers such as government, the location for the town hall, large shops, and cinemas.

3. The city center is a place where people go to work, the place where they "go out".

4. The city center is the center terminal of the network, railways, and public transportation.

5. The city center is an area where we find the course of business, government offices, services, warehouses and processing industries, employment centers, metropolitan economic area.

6. The city center is a major income tax, although small but the value of existing buildings in the city center is a large proportion of all the whole town, because the center has the necessary infrastructure for economic growth.

7. The city center is an administrative function centers and wholesale trade, contains a series of retail shops, professional offices, service companies, movie theaters, branches of banks and stock exchanges. Self-sufficiency in a small town, this area also provides a large trading facility includes administrative centers and transportation required.

While understanding the service sub-center of town is a center that provides services to residents and the activities of most areas of the city, where he has a hierarchy, function, scale, and lower service area of ​​the city center, but higher than the environmental center.

Factors emergence of service centers

The factors that led to a service center, which is

1. Location Factor

Strategic location of an area that causes an area can become a service center.

2. Resource Availability Factor

Availability of resources can lead to a region at the center of service.

3. Agglomeration Strength

Strength of agglomeration occurs because there is something similar to encourage economic activity clustered in sutu locations because of an advantage, which in turn will lead to the emergence of centers of activity.

4. Factors Government Investment

These three factors above lead to the emergence of the service centers scientifically, while government investment factor is something that deliberately (Artificial).

Urban development and spatial structure

The development of urban areas is a process of urban change in state from a state to another in a different time. Highlights changes in circumstances are usually based on different time and space to analyze the same. According JHGoode in Daldjoeni (1996: 87), urban development is seen as a function of the factors of population, control equipment or the environment, technological advances and progress in social organization.

Meanwhile, according to Bintarto (1989), development of the city can be seen from the aspect of zones within urban areas. In this concept Bintarto describes the development of the city seen from the use of land that make up specific zones within the urban space while according to Branch (1995), the shape of the city as a whole reflects the geographical position and characteristics of the place. Branch also noted examples of urban development patterns on flat terrain in the form of illustration such as:

a) topography,

b) buildings,

c) transportation routes,

d) open space,

e) the density of buildings,

f) the local climate,

g) vegetation cover and

h) the aesthetic quality.

Schematically Branch, described the six patterns of urban development, as follows:

General Pattern of Urban Development

Sources: Branch, 1996

Based on the morphological appearance of the city and the type of deployment of the existing urban area, Hudson in Jonah (1999), suggests several alternative models of urban form. Broadly speaking there are 7 (seven) pieces of the suggested model form, that is;

(A) the form of satellite and new centers (satellite and neighborhood plans), the main town with small towns will be intertwined relationship of functional linkage of effective and efficient;

(B) the form of stellar or radial (stellar radial or plans), each tongue shaped activity center that serves both provide services in urban areas and that juts into the plan as a green line and serves as the lungs of the city, a place of recreation and sport center for urban dwellers;

(C) form a ring (or ring linear circuit plans), the town developed along the main roads that circle, in the middle of the area preserved as open green areas;

(D) a linear form beaded (bealded linear plans), smaller urban centers grew on either side of the main urban centers, urban growth is limited only along the main road, the pattern is generally linear, alongside a road usually occupied by commercial buildings and occupied residential areas behind ;

(E) form the core / compact (the compact cores or plans), development of the city is usually dominated by developments thus enabling the creation of vertical concentration of many buildings on a small area;

(F) the form of scattered (dispersed city plans), in the unity of a large and compact morphology there are several urban centers, where each center has a group of special functions and different from each other; and

(G) form an underground city (under ground city plans), urban structures constructed below the earth's surface so that the morphologic appearance can not be observed on the surface of the earth, in the area it serves as a green belt or agricultural areas that remain green.

shape of the city: a satellite, the city star, ring, linear, radiating, compact and underground

Some Alternative Forms of Cities

(Source: Hudson, 1999)

peta kawasan strategis kabupaten jeneponto

Strategic area is an area that has potential as well as specific issues that need priority handling are sectoral and spatial structure, because it has an important impact on efforts to achieve regional development goals within the province.

Spatial planning based on strategic value of the area consists of the national strategic spatial planning area, the provincial strategic spatial planning areas, and strategic areas of spatial districts / cities. Determination of a strategic area at every level of administrative regions based on a very important influence on state sovereignty, defense, security, economic, social, cultural, and / or the environment, including areas designated as world heritage. Influence aspects of state sovereignty, defense, and security is intended for the determination of national strategic area, while those relating to economic, social, cultural, and environmental, which may apply to the determination of strategic areas of national, provincial and regency / municipality, measured by the approach externality, accountability, and efficiency of handling the region concerned.

Determination of Policy and Strategy Strategic Area

1. Strategic area is determined based on the priority level handling, with classifications based on the aspects of defense and security, economic, social, cultural, economic, and environmental.
- Preservation and improvement of functions and the carrying capacity of the environment to maintain and improve the balance of ecosystems, conserve biodiversity, maintain and improve the function of protection of the region, preserve the uniqueness of the landscape, and preserve cultural heritage Papuans.
Strategy
1. establish a strategic area of national and provincial strategic function protected;
2. prevent the utilization of space in national and provincial strategic areas that have the potential to reduce the function of protected areas, except to accommodate the existence of indigenous people and activities that historically has existed in the region tsb.
3. restrict the use of space around the national and provincial strategic areas that have the potential to reduce the function of protected areas;
4. restrict the development of infrastructure and facilities in and around the national and provincial strategic areas that can trigger the development of cultivation activities;
5. develop cultivation activities did not wake up in the vicinity of national strategic area that serves as a buffer zone that separates the protected area with cultivation area awoke;
6. protected function rehabilitating areas declining due to the impact of the growing use of space within and around the strategic areas of national and provincial levels