Concept of Regional Development in Development Planning

The concept of developing the area was developed from the needs of an area to improve the function and its role in managing the social, economic, cultural, education and welfare of the community. The influence of globalization, free markets and regionalization leads to changes and spatial dynamics, social, and economic inter-state, inter-regional (district), to rural districts.

Globalization is also marked by the revolution in information technology, transportation and management. The revolution has caused the boundary between urban and rural areas is unclear, the polarization of regional development, the formation of world cities (global cities), city system on an international scale, the formation of inter-state development area (transborder regions), as well as the formation of regional development corridors both local scale , national, regional and international.

In the Asia globalization has created a very significant development polarization in the form megaurban region that occurred in metropolitan cities along the east coast of Tokyo, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung Up . In the scale of convergence between countries occurred in the Bohai (China - Korea), Hong Kong-Guangzhou, and Sijori (Singapore-Johor-Riau). In Indonesia polarization centered along Sumetera (Medan, Palembang), and Java (Jakarta-Bandung-Semarang-Surabaya).

Mega-urban corridor is very influential on economic growth, especially the area surrounding district and surrounding villages that have economic relations and the market is quite strong.

But change is not matched by the provision of facilities and infrastructure are inadequate due to limited areas of government. Therefore, private parties and other institutions to participate in development.

Various impacts on the causes of economic globalization on local development simply as follows:

1. Changing the orientation of development which must be based on improving individual, group and community empowerment in the face of global competition, thus enabling people to survive (survive), to develop themselves and improve welfare.

2. Increasingly important role of non-governmental institutions such as, the private sector, communities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in implementation of development and financing

3. The increase in urbanization in the suburbs than in the big city itself. This is in line with the concept developed by Mc. Gee in the 1980s. Boundary between urban and rural areas become less clear due to economic growth, where urban activities have been mingled with the intensity of the movement of rural areas with investment, economic and population increases.

On the basis of the description above, the development of the region is an important part of the development of a region, especially in rural areas are extremely vulnerable and facing severe global-scale changes. This change, if not supported by a good regional planning taking into account the internal aspects, social and economic growth will result in progressively increasing the villages left behind.

Paradigm shift needs to be done in restructuring the areas categorized poor and weak to be able to improve competitiveness, production management and locally based appropriate technology that can affect other areas of reciprocity. In simple terms the concept of regional development needs to be done in rural planning to encourage local economic growth and strengthen communities in the bottom layer can affect the market for a sustainable manner.

Planning System in Indonesia

Planning System in Indonesia. In general, divided by 2, namely:

1. National Development Planning System (SPPN)

As stated in Law No. 25 of 2004 concerning National Development Planning System, development planning consists of:

1. Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP)

2. Medium Term Development Plan (Development Plan) and

3. Government Work Plan (RKP).

RPJP serve as guidelines in preparing the Development Plan for later elaborated in the RKP.

Under the national plan for all sectors, in this case institutions and ministries (K / L), prepare a Strategic Plan of the Ministry / Agency (Strategic Plan of K / L) are guided to the Development Plan and Work Plan of the Ministry / Agency (Renja K / L) are guided by RKP. This development plan and then serve as guidelines in preparing the State Budget (APBN).

The pattern of regional development planning exactly the same as the pattern of national development planning, where the National RPJP RPJP referred by the Regional, National Development Plan be considered by the Regional Development Plan and Regional RKP RKP harmonize with through consultation on development planning (musrenbang). This regional development plan to guide the preparation of the Regional Budget (APBD).

2. Spatial planning system (DSS)

Spatial planning system in Indonesia, referring to Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning. In the Act known four hierarchical spatial planning, namely:

1. Spatial Planning (RTRW) National,

2. RTRW Island,

3. RTRW Province,

4. RTRW District.

National spatial planning became a reference in preparing RTRW Island. Guidelines for the preparation of spatial planning into spatial planning Island Province which is then guided further by the district / city. Compared with the previous system (Law No. 24 of 1992), the new spatial planning system opens opportunities to develop spatial plans that are general or specific in each hierarchy of planning.

Another innovation that was adopted in the new system is the application of Zone Settings (Zoning Regulations) as an instrument of implementation of the master plan. Instrument settings for this zone contains specific spatial rules binding for each region with a specific function within a planning area.

To strengthen the control of space utilization, the new system to impose sanctions for violations of spatial planning not only to the recipient subject to license the use of space but also to the giver permission space utilization.

NEED FOR A NEW APPROACH

In many countries, soils are being used with an increasing intensity to meet the needs of growing populations. Higher demands for food and increasing material expectations call for the optimization of the use of available natural resources and a more even distribution of wealth. The two major factors in this regard are land and people, the former because it is finite and the latter because their demands for land are increasing .

The relationships between land and population have an impact not only on food production and malnutrition, but also on competition for land, mismanagement and environmental degradation, mass migration and political conflicts. These issues are symptoms of a fundamental problem, ie, conflict resolution mechanisms are not coping with technologic advances and increasing population .

Over the past 20 years, FAO has prepared guidelines for land use planning [nd has gained experience in the identification of physical land constraints and remedial land interventions , the management of problem soils  and data collection/ retrieval for land evaluation and land use purposes. In the process, data collection and interpretation has advanced beyond the narrow bounds of soil science, focusing on the broader land requirements of specific crops and cropping systems.

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Some things that are very important in order to reform the city spatial planning

Some things that are very important in order to reform the city spatial planning, among others:
1. Changing of physical planning, such as is now done into social planning. With a change of mindset and the condition of society, expected public awareness of land use will increase. Advocacy planning is necessary in the interest of society, for the sake of accommodating the aspirations of the community. Advocacy Planning It feels more expensive. But much more expensive ineffective planning and development without planning. Advocacy planning can be applied also in discussion by the members of parliament. In this case the consultant provided input for consideration in setting the plan as a Regional Regulation (Perda) on Spatial City.
2. Changing the policy to be bottom up top down because top down is a source of corruption and collusion of the parties involved. Often projects top-down model of the center is less appropriate to the needs and conditions in the field. Aspiration of the public not on the traffic load in the assessment of spatial plans. The community representatives are invited to the seminar, such as: Head of Kelurahan / Village, Chairman of the local LKMD less than friendly to the macro planning, can also be regarded as representative of the government.
3. Comprehensive Planning is more precise than the sectoral planning. Comprehensive Planning as a macro for long-term planning for communities in developing countries (with the dynamics of society that is so big) it is less appropriate. Consequently those plans are not / less effective, with so many deviations that occur, whether intentional or not. Sectoral planning is the planning of the sectors that is really needed by the community in time of urgency.
4. Active participation in an integrated experts from various disciplines are needed in the process of urban spatial planning. City Planning Commission (as applied in the United States) would need to be applied also in Indonesia. This is based on that urban problems are very complex, not only the problems of space, but also involves aspects: economic, social, cultural, legal and so forth.
5. Changing the rules relating to land, land, and particularly in the urban space becomes more oriented to the interests and protection of small people. Institute for the tenant and the results need to be removed by BAL revived. The arrangement of land through the Land Consolidation, Land Sharing, and Land Readjustment needs to be improved.
6. No less important is that the Spatial Plan which has been determined to be a local regulation, it should be followed up with implementation, a reference in the preparation of programs of development activities, and not just become residents of the library Bappeda

Reform of urban planning

In Indonesia, total reform has been rolled out, with elements led by students, as a result has KKN (corruption, collusion and nepotism) in every aspect of public life. In the process of urban planning was not immune from corruption. Starting from the appointment of a consultant planner who violate procedures, mark up the budget, as well as the establishment of local regulations, all of which smells of corruption. Therefore in the process of urban spatial planning to the implementation of necessary reforms, which started from the theory / concept that is used, the procedure up to the implementation and enforcement need a change / reform.

As we know that the city's Land Use Plan contains a plan of urban land use, according to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 2 year 1987, divided into General Spatial Plan City, which is a long-term plans; Detailed Spatial Plan City, as a medium-term plan, and Technical Plan Spatial City, for the short term. The three types of urban spatial structure is presented in the form of maps and drawings of the obvious (blue print).

As noted by social science experts, that the nation of Indonesia as a developing nation, it is very dynamic with the changes that occur. What's more with fast-growing communications technology and transportation in the era of globalization. On the condition of such a society would not quite right with the implementation of urban spatial planning that are definitely or blue print planning. Blue print planning and more accurately applied to the community that has been established, because in this society that has been established, the changes that occur is very small. As for the people who are growing more appropriately applied to model the planning process.

Wisdom has been pursuing the growth of the macro economic level to make the master plan, the city serves as a means of supporting. Urban development is more oriented to the rich than to the poor. Hence the rich get richer and the poor increasingly excluded. It makes the city a more selfish, less humane, and its impact as illustrated above, as well as the occurrence of social jealousy, which results in mass riots. That is why reforms in city planning is a must for the Indonesian government is currently