transport system

• System activity: 

1. the movement of people and goods  : socio-economic, young vs. old, mother vs. career household, kindergarten student vs. student, worker versus manager, etc.; residential vs. office buildings, agricultural vs. industrial, metropolitan vs small town. 
2. High quality / high quantity : trip activity (volume, frequency, distance, mode, convergence / spatial temporal

• Network Systems: Infrastructure & services (highways, railroads, terminals, airports, ports, ASDP, etc.. The higher the infrastructure & services 

1. higher the quality & quantity of the resulting movement

• Movement System: 

1. Volume : people, goods, modes, etc.; 
2. mean : schools, shopping, production & distribution (of goods), etc.; 
3. Time : peak hours, holidays, interstate, etc.); 
4. Distance : km, hours; 
5. Speed : km / hours; 
6. frequency : vehicles / min; 
7. Moda : (single / multi), walk, rickshaw, car, bus, boat, plane, etc.

• Institutional system: 

1. legal aspects : UU, PP, policy, spatial planning, incentives and disincentives; energy policy, concerned with "eating" vs. "bad", etc; human resources, funding (O & M)

• Environmental Systems Internal & external: 

1. social, cultural, political, physical, technological (non-rickshaws in Padang : culture; 
2. Lembang : physical 
3. brawl & demos : social / political

• Space Systems / Spatial: 

1. local, regional, national, international. Agenda FAA, holidays, long holiday : Bandung, Jakarta traffic jams, etc.

SYSTEMS APPROACH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Management of natural resources and environment are things that contain a lot of challenges.This includes land resources, water, air, vegetation, and energy very owe influence of human activities and attitudes. A fundamental problem is that each component of the interconnected environment and can generate events that are not desired. For example, river water pollution associated with wastewater output related to various factors, such as sources of waste, waste characteristics, accumulated waste, waste handling process, method and location of disposal, transportation of waste in river flow, and the influence of waste on aquatic biota, and water use by human.

In general, each component can be analyzed separately, but the actual river water pollution problems are the result of interaction and collective influence of a system of wastewater pollution.

Environmental problems, if examined in the system will provide many uses.Problematic can be calculated by the totality of which the most effective control work can be found. In the example of pollution of the river waters, a systems approach will be able to produce a combination of source reduction of waste, methods of handling, and disposal sites more effective and allow lower costs through improved handling of it. A consequence of the systems perspective on environmental quality is likely to widen the application of alternative control strategies and opportunities for efficient and integrated managerial

Spatial approach

Spatial approach is a perspective or frame of analysis emphasizes the existence of space for emphasis. The existence of space in the perspective of geography can be seen from the structure (spatial structure), pattern (spatial pattern), and processes (spatial processes) (Yunus, 1997). In the context of spatial phenomena there are differences in appearance of the structure, pattern and process. Spatial structure with respect to the elements forming the space.These elements can be summarized in three main forms, namely: (1) appearance point (point features), (2) the appearance of lines (line features), and (3) appearance of the field (area features).

The framework approach to spatial analysis starting point on the problem of the composition of the elements forming the space. The analysis was done by answering the following questions.

1. What? Space structure is that?

2. Where? Where the fabric of space is located?

3. When? When did these space structures are formed like that?

4. Why? Why is the fabric of space is formed like that?

5. How? What is the process of formation such structures?

6. Who suffers what WHO and what benefits? How to structure

Spatial is utilized in such a manner for the benefit of mankind. Positive and negative impacts of the existence of such a space is always associated with human interests in the present and future.

Data Entry System

In this section we will learn techniques incorporate spatial data from the above sources into the GIS, including:
1. Digitization
2. Use of GPS
3. Conversion from other systems

Spatial data formats

In GIS, spatial data can be represented in two formats, namely:

1. vektor
In vector format data, our earth is represented as a mosaic of the line (arc / line), polygons (area bounded by the line that starts and ends at the same point), point / point (nodes that have a label), and nodes (A point of intersection between two lines).
The main advantage of vector data format is the accuracy in representing point features, boundaries and straight lines.This is very useful for analysis that requires precision positioning, for example at the boundaries of cadastral database.Examples of other uses is to define the spatial relationship of some features.The main drawback of vector data is its inability to accommodate a gradual change.

2. raster
Raster data (or also called grid cells) is the data generated from remote sensing systems.In raster data, geographic object is represented as a grid cell structure called a pixel (picture element).In raster data, resolution (visual definition) depends on its pixel size.
In other words, pixel resolution describes the actual size of the earth's surface represented by each pixel in the image.The smaller the size of the Earth's surface is represented by a single cell, the higher the resolution.
Raster data is very good to represent the boundaries change gradually, such as soil type, soil moisture, vegetation, soil temperature, etc..The main limitation is the large size of the raster data file; the higher the resolution of its grid, the greater the file size.

Each format has its advantages and disadvantages of data.Selection of data format used depends on the intended use, the available data volume of data generated, the desired accuracy, and ease of analysis.Vector data is relatively more economical in terms of file size and precision in the location, but very difficult to use in computational mathematics.In contrast, raster data file storage space usually requires a larger and less precise location, but it is mathematically easier to use.

Coordinate Systems

Location information is determined based on the coordinate system, among which include datum and projection maps.Datum is a collection of parameters and control points which geometric relationships are known, either through measurement or calculation.While the map projection system is a system designed to represent the curved surface of a field or a spheroid (eg earth) on a flat field.This causes distortion of the representation process that needs to be taken into account to obtain the accuracy of some kinds of properties, such as distance, angle, or area.

Spatial Data

Spatial data have two important parts which makes it different from other data, namely the location information and attribute information which can be explained as follows:

Information location or spatial information.A common example is the latitude and longitude information, including datum and projection information.Another example of spatial information that can be used to identify the location for example is ZIP Code.

Descriptive information (attributes) or non-spatial information.A locality can have multiple attributes or properties associated with it, for example type of vegetation, population, income per year, etc..

GIS and Geospatial Data

What is GIS that?
GIS began to be known in the early 1980s.In line with the development of computer tools, both software and hardware, the SIG is growing very rapidly in the era of the 1990s.Literally, GIS can be defined as:

"A component that consists of hardware, software, geographic data and human resources that work together effectively to capture, store, refine, update, manage, manipulate, integrate, analyze, and display data in a geographic-based information"

Spatial information using the location, in a certain coordinate system, as a basic reference. GIS therefore has the ability to link various data at a given point on earth, combine, analyze and ultimately to map the results.GIS applications to answer a few questions such as: location, condition, trends, patterns, and modeling.

Ability is what distinguishes GIS from other information systems viewed from the definition, GIS is a system consisting of various components that can not stand on their own. Having a computer hardware along with its software does not mean that we already have a GIS when geographic data and human resources to operate it does not exist.As computer systems in general, GIS is simply a 'tool' that have special abilities.The ability of human resources to formulate and analyze the results of the final issue was instrumental in the success of the GIS system.

application of GIS for tropical forestry

Various constraints that have been discussed above apply to the development and use of GIS in general in developing countries, and also specifically for the forestry sector. Here we will briefly discuss the potential application of GIS for tropical forestry. Some applications have been done in several places in tropical countries, but basically operationally GIS applications are still far from optimal when compared to the ability of GIS to support planning and management of tropical forests.

As known, inventory and monitoring are the foundation of good forest management.The main obstacle in the inventory and monitoring are the limitations in data retrieval, because the vast area, the difficulty of reaching the area, the length of time required and limited human resources.GIS, especially with the PJ, which can reach a large area with a relatively high frequency support is a breakthrough in the aspects of inventory and monitoring.

But in the developing practice of inventory and monitoring using GIS is still very far from optimal.Protection of forests due to human activity, fire, weeds and diseases is an important aspect of tropical forestry.GIS application in this particular aspect is to study forest fires. But most of these projects are research projects rather than planning and operational management.

Commercially, the most important forest product is timber.Deforestation is considered a negative impact on the environment requires good planning.The spatial forest modeling using GIS is very helpful in the planning and harvesting strategies, but the application is mostly used in developed countries, and in general are still in research stage.

Forest rehabilitation, especially considering the large area of damaged forests, are aspects that are in need of attention as well as highly complex with a low success rate. GIS can help the problem of forest rehabilitation in the stage of research and mapping the location, the selection of suitable species, breeding locations and other infrastructure as well as in monitoring and evaluation stage.However, projects or research relating to the application of GIS for forest rehabilitation is very little, although in developed countries even.

As mentioned above, in recent decades is the tendency of shifting the focus from industrial forestry towards environmental protection and its benefits to local communities.Information is actually a requirement to determine the direction of the implementation of community-based forest management.Socio-economic information in particular is very important information.Use of GIS in this aspect, both in developing countries and in developed countries, is still very minimal.

In the aspect of forest conservation and biodiversity, to determine priority areas and hotspots of biodiversity are the most fundamental things. GIS application for this, both in developed and developing countries, there are enough.

Tropical forests have a significant role in global climate change.GIS is a very useful tool in climate change research, namely in terms of organizing data, in the form of global databases, and spatial analysis capabilities for modeling.GIS application for research on climate change growing rapidly, but for developing countries is still very limited.

Spatial databases will be increasingly important in terms of supporting decision making related to forest management. Some global database that covers an area of tropical forests has been available, which include databases on topography, wet tropical forests, global climate, global climate change, satellite imagery, and soil conservation.

GIS in developing countries

The application and development of GIS began in developed countries, especially North America.The main components of GIS include hardware, software, data and human resources.The hardware includes computer, scanner digitizer, plotter, printer, while the software can be selected either commercial or freely available.Examples of software that are widely used ARC / INFO, ArcView, Idrisi, ER Mapper, GRASS, MapInfo.Data formats will be discussed specifically in the following chapter.

GIS application for tropical forestry

Tropical forests are ecosystems and also an important natural resource, both locally and globally.Some functions of tropical forests are: productive (economic), protection (ecological), psychological and religious, as well as tourism and education. Tropical forest decreases very rapidly during the past three decades and the rapid destruction of tropical forests is the highest in the world.

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Pairing the Location Quotient and Assumption Techniques

It is also important to note that the Location Quotient Technique is often paired with the Assumption Technique to provide a more complete set of results. Some industries can clearly and correctly be identified as Basic and other can be identified as Non-Basic.

For example, SIC Code 70 (Hotels and Lodging) is generally assumed to be Basic sector employment, regardless of its calculated LQ, because this industry, by definition, largely serves a non-local demand. Similarly, Local Government employment is always assumed to be Non-basic because these jobs, again by definition,serve local demand. By pairing the assumptions of these different techniques a more reasonable and accurate assessment of the local economy is possible.

Calculating the Level of Basic Employment

When the LQ is calculated to be greater than 1.0, it has been determined that some of that industry's employment is Basic. However, it is must be emphasized that a LQ > 1.0 does not mean that all that industry's employment is basic in nature. Recall that it is assumed that any employment "below" an LQ of 1.0 is Non-Basic; those jobs serve local demand. Only those jobs over and above what was expected for the region can be identified as Basic sector jobs.

Because of the assumptions of the Location Quotient approach, a second formula must be applied to determine the number of Basic sector jobs when the LQ is greater than 1.0. This formula is as follows:

Basic Sector Employment	=	Regional Employment Industry I	-	Total Regional Employment	X	National Employment Industry I
		National Employment Industry I		Total National Employment

Examples

For an example of the Location Quotient technique applied to a single industrial sector, visit the King County-WA State LQ Example Page. To see the technique applied with the United States as a comparison region, visit the King County-US LQ Example page.

An Important Caveat: Carefully Choose Your Geographic Units

As with any of the Economic Base Methods, the choice of your data and, more importantly, your comparison area can greatly affect your results. As seen in the LQ example, the use of Washington State may compromise our Industry Code 37 Basic sector employment results. Like King County, it is likely that the entire State of Washington has a greater than average number of Transportation Equipment manufacturing jobs, mainly because of Boeing's existence in the State.

This greater than expected Transportation Manufacturing Employment in the State affects the calculation of the Location Quotient, which then has a direct effect upon the calculated number of Basic sector jobs for this industry. In short, we may have underestimated the number of Basic sector jobs for this industry by using the State of Washington as our reference region; the large number of Transportation Manufacturing jobs in King County does not appear to be that unique when compared to the State as a whole.

Interpreting Calculated Location Quotients

nterpreting the Location Quotient is very simple. Only three general outcomes are possible when calculating location quotients. These outcomes are as follows:

LQ < 1.0

LQ = 1.0

LQ > 1.0

LQ < 1.0 = All Employment is Non-Basic
A LQ that is less than zero suggests that local employment is less than was expected for a given industry. Therefore, that industry is not even meeting local demand for a given good or service. Therefore all of this employment is considered non-basic by definition.

A LQ = 1.0 = All Employment is Non-Basic
A LQ that is equal to zero suggests that the local employment is exactly sufficient to meet the local demand for a given good or service. Therefore, all of this employment is also considered non-basic because none of these goods or services are exported to non-local areas.

A LQ > 1.0 = Some Employment is Basic
A LQ that is greater than zero provides evidence of basic employment for a given industry. When an LQ > 1.0, the analyst concludes that local employment is greater than expected and it is therefore assumed that this "extra" employment is basic. These extra jobs then must export their goods and services to non-local areas which, by definition, makes them Basic sector employment.

Location Quotient Calculation

To calculate any location quotient the following formula is applied. Note that in this formula we are comparing the Regional Economy (often a county) to the National Economy. Location quotients may also be calculated that compare the county to a state.

Location Quotient=	Regional Employment in Industry I in Year T	/	National Employment in Industry I in Year T
	Total Regional Employment  in Year T		Total National Employment in Year T

Examining this formula more closely, we see that to allocate employment to the basic and non-basic sectors, location quotients are calculated for each industry. Simply stated, the location quotient method compares Local Employment to National Employment. The LQ provides evidence for the existence of basic employment in a given industry.

PERFORMANCE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN AGROPOLITAN MODEL REGION BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO SUPPORT AGRIBUSINESS

The implementation of agropolytant have strong justification and considered to be a breakthrough program to strengthen the achievement of agribusiness development for the benefit of the farmers as well as regional economic development. The study consists of two main activities, i.e.: (a) To evaluate the concept and the achievement of agropolytant program; and (b) To assess the ongoing agropolytant pilot project. The strengthening of agropolytant development has to be facilitated with suitable strategic policies of domestic price stability, better accessibility to input market and processing, better urban functionality, and accelerated rural-urban flow for the benefit of rural people.

In addition, the policy of agropolytant program credit scheme (BLM) have to be complemented and facilitated with strong self-help farmer group and cooperative marketing institutional development. Agropolytant development has been able to improve farmer income, but absolutely the farmer income is still low, due to restricted resource endowment. Agropolytant program working group (Pokja) at regency level has well functionality, and Agropolytant Regional Management Agency (BPKAP) at provincial and regency level are badly needed. The existence of BPKAP will have important role in supporting the efectivity, performance, and accountability of agropolytant program. Government support have been implemented well. The achievement of those facilities have to be complemented

with proper incentive system for all parties participated in agropolytant development program

LOCATION QUOTIENT TECHNIQUE

The Location Quotient Technique is the most commonly utilized economic base analysis method. It was developed in part to offer a slightly more complex model to the variety of analytical tools available to economic base analysts. This technique compares the local economy to a reference economy, in the process attempting to identify specializations in the local economy. The location quotient technique is based upon a calculated ratio between the local economy and the economy of some reference unit. This ratio, called an industry "location quotient" gives this technique its name.

CITY DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS PEKALONGAN RELIABLE AS ONE AREA IN CENTRAL JAVA

The research has purpose to identify characteristic of Pekalongan city as region key. They are high growth and high income, leading sector, and interrelatedness economy with other region. For this purpose, it’s used by analysis tool : Klassen Tipology, Location Quotient ( LQ ), Growth Ratio Model (GRM), Overlay, Shift Share, and Gravity Model.

The results show that Pekalongan city in the classify low growth and high income region. By using LQ analys that in Pekalongan City there are almost all sectors in Pekalongan City are leading sectors, except agriculture sector and industry sector, but by using overlay and shift share analys show those true sectors have competitive advantage and specialize two sectors only, they are trading sector and finance sector .