Estimated Cost Offers for Small Contractors: Practices and Needs Implementation in Construction Project Management Application

The presence of small contractors remain a vital part of business development national construction service, because in terms of number of about 90% of the construction companies listed on LPJKN are small contractors. The ability of contractors minor in management of construction projects, as the name suggests, is still relatively low, which is a challenge in the business development of construction services in Indonesia. This paper present a further study of the effort to get a picture of the extent to which management practices for construction projects undertaken by small contractors. The study focused on how small contractors to estimate the cost of bidding and the use of the results of these estimates in project control.

In this study, a survey, using the workshop method, made to the classification of several small construction company in Bandung. Results from the survey provides an overview of the practice of offering cost estimates made, problems faced, and the potential development of systems that offer cost estimates associated with projects in environmental management of small contractors. Views on the practice of the estimated costs of this offering will be used as the basis for cost system design implementation and integration module offers these cost estimates on a construction project management computer applications for small contractors that have been developed previously.

The complexity of construction projects that are growing by day require management of resources better. Construction industry in Indonesia at present and the future will face a tough task to reconstruct infrastructure and production facilities that have been declining condition and build community, infrastructure and new industrial complexes. This certainly requires the ability of construction contractors (contractors) to be more efficient in the management of construction projects (Hendrickson 2000, Oberlender 2000).

A study conducted to assess the extent of readiness of construction contractors in Indonesia in an effort to increase the value (value) of a construction product to reduce waste (waste) that occur in the process of project implementation, or more commonly called the principle of lean construction (lean construction), has shown great weakness contractors in Indonesia in terms of planning and scheduling (planning and scheduling), evaluation, and control (Abduh and Roza, 2006).

The cause of these weaknesses is the human factor, and availability and use of technologies that facilitate the mastery and implementation of construction management in the field. On the other hand, as is known, developing a statistical data from the Institute for National Construction Services (LPJKN) shows that in Indonesia there are about 120,000 companies implementing construction and 90% of this amount is small contractors. This raises challenges in the development of construction services in Indonesia, given the ability of small contractors in construction project management is relatively lower than the large contractors.

Thus, a need is real, that it takes an effort to improve performance management of construction projects undertaken by small contractors. However, the real facts of how project management practices by small contractors are still required to better focus on core issues of project management weaknesses owned small contractors. It is expected that a real picture of the way the project management of small contractors that can provide a path to building the business to be done in the development of construction services in Indonesia, through the empowerment of small contractors. This paper present a further study of the effort to get a picture of the extent to which management practices for construction projects undertaken by small contractors.

The study focused on how small contractors to estimate the cost of bidding and the use of the results of these estimates in project control. Views on the practice of the estimated costs of this offering will be used as the basis for cost system design implementation and integration module offers these cost estimates on a construction project management computer applications for small contractors that have been developed previously. It is expected that construction project management computer applications that can participate in improving the ability of small contractors in Indonesia.

Determination and strategy of Strategic Area

- Determination of KWS Strategic Policy

Improved area function for the defense and state security.

Strategy
accommodate national policy of strategic areas with specific functions of defense and security as stipulated in RTRWN.

 

- Determination of KWS Strategic Policy

Development and improvement of regional function in the development of a productive economy, efficient, and able to compete in the economy national and international.

strategy

1. develop a center-based growth potential of natural resources and seed cultivation activities as a major driver of regional development;
2. creating a conducive investment climate;
3. manage natural resources so as not to exceed the carrying capacity and carrying capacity of the region;
4. manage the negative impacts of aquaculture activities so as not to degrade the quality of the environment and the efficiency of the region;
5. intensify promotion of investment opportunities;
6. improving infrastructure services and means of supporting economic activity.

- Determination of KWS Strategic Policy

The utilization of natural resources and / or high technology optimally to improve the welfare of society.

strategy

1. develop activities supporting and / or derivative activities of resource utilization and / or high technology;
2. improve the relevance of resource utilization and / or high technology to support activities and / or their derivatives;
3. prevent negative impacts of natural resource utilization and / or high technology to the environmental functions, and community safety.

 - Determination of KWS Strategic Policy

Preservation and improvement of indigenous social and cultural
strategy.

   1. preserve the application of Papuan cultural values;

2. preserve indigenous cultural heritage sites in Papua.

- Determination of KWS Strategic Policy
Preservation and enhancement of conservation areas designated as world heritage, biosphere reserves and Ramsar.

strategy
   1. preserving the authenticity of the physical as well as maintaining the balance of its ecosystem;

  2. improve the national tourism;

3. develop science and technology;

4. preserve the environmental sustainability

5. management of valuable areas important for biodiversity.

- Determination of KWS Strategic Policy

Development of lagging regions to reduce the gap levels of development antarkawasan

- strategy

1. open access and improve accessibility between the left and central regions of growth areas;
2. develop infrastructure and means of supporting economic activity;
3. improve community access to sources of financing;
4. improve quality and human resource capacity in the management of economic activities
5. encourage and develop educational facilities and infrastructures
6. encourage and Develop health facilities and infrastructure.

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PRINCIPLES

It has been argued that community self-reliance in rural development is essentially a development of, by and for the community. Development must be beneficial for the greater community and can take place with the best. Therefore the implementation of development should adhere to the principle or principles, as follows:
1. Compliance with the problems and needs of the community.
2. Direct benefit to the local community.
3. Utilization of local resources and potential.
4. Openness and accountable management.
5. Integration of related activities.
6. Continuous and sustained from each activity.
7. Public participation and stakeholders.

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MAP OF KECAMATAN BATANG JENEPONTO REGION

Economic problems and Elements Growth

economics as a scientific study evolved from the works of the moralists, philosophers, traders and lenders. By the XVIII century, the works of the Merchantilist, like David Hame emphasize the importance of foreign trade and of the Fisiokrat like F Quesnay, pioneer of inter-industry tables that are considered very important for the development of industry and agriculture. Two of this doctrine is strongly influenced by events at the time of trade development and industrial growth and revival of the agricultural revolution.

In the mid-eighteenth century came the second half of the flow of the Liberal Economy (Classical), which was pioneered by Adam Smith. Adam Smith, considered the Father of Economics. Any society, whether countries that have been developed or developing country, whether urban or rural community people, all the economic problems facing three fundamental and interrelated that must be disclosed, namely:

1. Commodities what to produce and how much.
How many goods and services must be made and when made, whether we should make more food than on clothes or vice versa.
2. How is the commodity produced, performed by whom, using the factors where and with what technique.
3. For whom the commodity is produced, anyone who benefit from the existence of these goods and services, how the national product is distributed to everyone.

Principal economic problem includes options related to (1) consumption, (2) production, (3) distribution and (4) growth over time. Consumption; members of the public are urged to determine the type of goods and services they want to use and is consumed. There is also a matter of choice between goods that are used in private and provided by government such as roads, irrigation and defense.

Production of goods and services produced by using various modes of production depending on the level of production technology. Thus how the use of raw materials, equipment (capital) and labor to various kinds. Distribution; how the output (output) in the form of goods should be distributed among the various owners of the means of production, labor, capital and land. Growth over time, developing countries should pay more attention to growth, the growth of important means for achieving the level of development (prosperity) is higher.

Historians and social scientists have long noticed differences in the level of economic growth among the nations. Some older theories emphasize climatic factors and argued that all developed countries in temperate climates. The view further emphasis on indigenous factors, culture or religion as the major determinant as a powerful motivating force that drives to achieve prosperity.

Indeed, these theories is true to some extent but still many remain unexplained. In order to understand the diversity of economic journey, we must turn to a broader explanation. Over the last few decades economists are very interested in economic growt

W.W. Rostow put forward a theory that divides the economic growth in several stages, namely:
1. Traditional society
2. Prerequisites for take-off
3. Takeoff
4. The movement toward maturity (the drive to maturity)
5. High mass consumption

Rostow The analysis is based on an analysis of economic and non-economic analysis that led to the economic growth of a society. Stages of economic growth actually be based on the dynamic state of demand,
supply and production patterns. elements of growth in developed countries and countries
developed was not different, just different levels of needs and scarcity of production factors. Engine of economic progress moves on four wheels, namely:
1. Human resources (labor availability, population, discipline, motivation, and others)
2. Natural resources (land, minerals, fuel, climate and other)
3. Capital formation (machinery, factories, highways, and others)
4. The level of technology (knowledge, engineering, management, entrepreneurship and others)

Developing countries should pay attention to the quality of human resources at their disposal. The planners of economic development usually always make a specific program, namely the eradication of disease and improved health and nutrition, as well as improving the quality of education. educated people will become more productive workers, because it berkernbang countries must invest huge funds for education programs.

In poor countries, the workforce in many rural areas that are not productive, not because they do not want to work, but because not enough land and capital that can be worked effectively. In developing countries, a valuable natural resource has not been excavated, the most important natural resource is agricultural land, therefore the utilization of agricultural land must be productive, followed by conservation programs, proper fertilization and Cultivation
to raise capital funds required the sacrifice of consumption for several decades, but the problem of developing countries already on the verge of subsistence living standards. to reduce consumption will again cause huge economic woes.

The fourth factor is a vital technology. Developing countries have the potential to utilize technical skills developed countries. Seeing Japan and the United States experience, it appears that technology adaptation is an easy recipe, although not that easy for other countries. experience shows that entrepreneurship is needed
(entrepreneurship) for advanced technology ideas that can be run successfully.

AGRARIAN CONFLICT IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ESTATE COMPANY COMMUNITY (The case of conflict between farmers with PT. PP Lonsum in Bulukumba)

This research aims; to know the relationship pattern between government and private sectors, community in micro and macro levels regarding to the conflict happened between PT Lonsum with farmer society, to analyzed consideration of morale and farmers as well as the influence of external factor in formulating latent conflict to become mani fest conflict between PT Lonsum with farmer society, to analyzed social and economic consequence from mani fest conflict between PT Lonsum with farmer society and to identi fied the forms of conflict resolutions in process of accomodation between PT Lonsum with farmer society. Result of research indicat ed that the conflict of relationship agraria between PT. Lonsum with bulukumba society is resultant of various factors related and influenced each other, such as dynamics of plantation history in bulukumba regency, subsistence crisis of bulukumba society, and government policy in agrarian problem. Therefor the conflict resolution could be overcome through accomodation process by coercion, adjudication, tolerantion, stalemate, conciliation, arbitration, mediation and compromise.

The new paradigm of development directed to achieving regional development objectives, namely growth (growth), equity (equity), and sustainability (sustainability) (Anwar and Rustiadi, 2000). Socio-economic development in Indonesia is characterized by a combination of market-oriented agricultural and domestic needs, industrialization and urbanization, large-scale forest exploitation and migration. In the New Order era, the state has a major and prominent role in economic development. Government intervention in the management of natural resources is very high so many resources are managed to move from local residents to the government, after the new order rajim fallen, demand the implementation of land reform back sticking out.

Together with the newly formed farmer organizations, NGOs concerned with the rights of rural communities and natural resource management began to launch a pressure change. Among them is the Consortium for Agrarian Reform-KPA, a consortium of NGOs and farmer organizations in Indonesia, based in Bandung and WALHI.

They called for restoration of land ownership rights of the people, both for farmers and farm lands for indigenous peoples. They criticized the activities of the World Bank's land registration project which they completely ignored the recognition of customary rights in land ownership (Down To Earth, 1999).

One of the largest agrarian conflict in South Sulawesi is the occurrence of conflicts between owners of capital, PT Company Plantation London Sumatra (PT PP Lonsum) with farming communities in the District Kajang Bulukumba. This conflict began in 1981 due to an area of 546.6 ha of land evictions in the village of Bonto Biraeng and 373 ha in the village of Jojolo, then continued in 1982, the company PT PP Lonsum rubber planting mines in the Village area of 200 ha, while threatening the people who dare fight with weapons.

At that time as many as 253 farmers in several villages in the district Bulukumpa and Kajang began struggling filed a lawsuit over ownership of land. But after that the Village area of 500 ha Tibona evicted.

PT Lonsum also managed to master the Ahan who tilled the people in the village of Bonto Biraeng the Year 1984. Two years later (1986), five farmers arrested for fighting government. Evictions occur in the Village Tugondeng 30 ha. A number of houses and gardens are also being evicted and burned. This condition is then repeated again in 1988, by displacing Tammato Village area of 800 hectares and many homes were burned. Some lands that are considered sacred by the tribe Kajang also evicted. Year 1989 - 1991, Village Tibona 500 ha evicted, the people who fight by means of burning rubber tree and then caught by the police.

Taking land area of 300 ha in the village of Bonto Mangiring, and evictions 300 homes with bulldozers, while people who tried to survive then shot occurred in 1994 (Tempo, 7/01/2004). In 1998 the Supreme Court won gugutan 253 farmers on the land area 200 ha, or based on natural boundaries: east with Balanglohe River, north of the River Galogo, west with garden Kodam XIV, danselatan with people's gardens in the village of Bulo-Bulo. Apparently after measured based on the natural boundary of land won by an area of 540.6 ha. This is what triggers the next round of disputes between communities and the PT Lonsum. Furthermore, PN Bulukumba followed by executing the decision of the Supreme Court, which declared 560 ha of land area in accordance with the natural boundary. People are starting to take over their land according to the decision of the Supreme Court in 1999.

Conflict is certainly as bad as an accumulation of various reasons. Chronology of conflict between farmers and PT PP Lonsum keagrarian is evidence that the problem is still a problem with huge potential to cause conflict between the interested parties concerned over it. This is the root of the problem which would be studied in depth, from a chronological point of agrarian conflict in the relationship with the communities.