Flood Disaster Mitigation in Yogyakarta

Disasters are a frequent occurrence in recent years and the disaster is no longer a strange word to us. Almost every season, even every month is always a disaster. Rainy season for example, for some people this season is a season that brings a blessing, but some people again this season will bring disaster. For farmers, for example, an initial planting of the rainy season where water is easily available and the plants can grow. Rain stopped some time ago and with a sufficiently high temperature, making the farmers and the government concerned about the shortage of food supplies.
This concern did not last long, after several weeks of rain fell. When it rains it comes the various disasters that many casualties. Landslides in West Java and the floods in Jakarta are some disasters that hit the country after it rains. Catastrophic events in the form of floods and landslides triggered by the reduced area of ​​forest cover due to deforestation happening everywhere. Watershed (DAS) that serves as the main regulator of the water cycle and nutrient cycle of decreased function and quality are very large. In 2005 the government has established 62 DAS in critical condition with 17 watershed of which are in Java (Department of Public Works, 2006).
Damage to the environment and the criticality of the Watershed is one of the causes of the disaster that struck the State Capital. Region upstream land use and poor drainage systems for waste and decreasing the location of the water catchment is a culprit of floods in Jakarta. Flooding is not the first time struck the State Capital, almost every rainy season, Jakarta is always flooded. Floods that occur every year it always should be addressed by the government and certainly working with the community.
In a watershed system Jakarta is included in the downstream region, with its upstream region is Bogor. Bogor as the upstream region, has now been converted to dense residential areas. Over the function of this region will of course affect the water catchment. The water should penetrate through the plant, but the water is directly flowing into the river, and of course with a fairly high attrition rate. The high erosion of the existing upstream region, will affect the river silting. Shallowness of this river will reduce the ability of rivers to hold water. Siltation of the river occurred in all the rivers that pass through the city of Jakarta. Siltation of the river is exacerbated by dumping waste into rivers. Trash will certainly clog the flow of water, resulting in water flow be impeded so that when large volumes of water, then it is not possible the water will overflow.

Jakarta's population density causes all areas of the city inhabited by the population, including flood plains and marsh areas. The area along the river and the swamp is the region's water, where every rain water will always be toward the region. But when this happens, the areas had been transformed into densely populated settlements, so that when the water came, the area will be submerged by water. In addition, the establishment of various buildings in Jakarta without regard to the drainage system is also one of the causes of the flooding. This indicates that the lack of public knowledge about the environment, and weak enforcement of existing laws in this country. 

How to Yogyakarta?Yogyakarta is now developed into a big city, along with the increasing population and a growing number of new building, such as malls and housing, then it is unlikely the city will be flooded as Jakarta. This is because with the increase in building then it will reduce the water catchment zones and would interfere with existing drainage system in this city. In addition, the increased density of population in this city of course will affect the amount of waste. Trash is not trivial, and the public schools would have to be it. Every society shall be responsible for the waste generated, and trash should not be wasted in a river. Various kinds of things should be a serious concern by the government and people of Yogyakarta.

In a watershed system is the central region of Yogyakarta city, with Mount Merapi and some areas in Sleman district as the region upstream and downstream areas in Bantul regency. Coordination of the third region is between the upstream, midstream and downstream should always be done. The rate of land conversion in the upstream area to be controlled, if land use is not controlled then it is not possible upstream region will be met by buildings which of course would reduce the water catchment zone. Besides the destruction of the upstream region of course will increase erosion and silting of the river as a result will occur.Drainage system, also affects the flow of water. Any building or community responsible for the drainage in the vicinity.
Poor drainage system or damage has occurred in Yogyakarta, this is proven when it rains there are some streets are flooded. High standing water is about 20-30 centimeters, and a puddle of water was enough to disrupt traffic flow. This, if ignored or not immediately repaired, then the longer the puddles on the road will be higher, and is not likely to occur, such as Jakarta floods.

Yogyakarta is traversed by several major rivers like the river that divides jogja code is not likely to overflow and cause flooding. Residents who live along the river code is pretty solid. Flood plains should not be used for residence, because the region is a place for the overflow of water if the river is not able to accommodate the flow of water. But now already, along the river in Yogyakarta has been packed by residential areas. This is now done is to keep the river may be able to accommodate the water and running it without transferring water to the river banks. This can be done by not throwing garbage in rivers.
Yogyakarta is a pilot area in terms of the arrangement of settlements in flood plains. Home residents should not be back to the river, houses should face the river, it indicates that the river is not a place of exile.
Water recharge zones should be maintained, because this zone serves to accommodate the water during the rainy season, so when it rains the water does not go directly into the river but stuck in this zone. Examples of this are water catchment basin and the pond water at UGM stadium complex Tridadi Sleman Regency. In addition to the zone, catchment wells must be made or maximized function. Recharge zone is in addition serves to hold water in the rainy season will certainly affect the water conditions in the dry season, so the drought can be prevented.

Sand mining in the area of ​​Mount Merapi will also affect the water flow. When sand is mined by large-scale and without control, then the water should be hampered by sand in the upstream region and can be absorbed by plants will be directly forwarded to the downstream region and of course with a high attrition rate. As a result, downstream areas will receive water runoff is greater than ever before. High rates of erosion can cause siltation of the river, so the river becomes shallow and the water runoff becomes larger, and it is not likely the water will overflow.
Government, civil society and academia must work together in flood disaster mitigation efforts. All three elements must not be separated to mitigate. All have to work integrally. The government has the authority in managing the environment with the help of research from academia and society as executors. Various causes of flooding problems mentioned above, should be a concern of all parties, both government and society.
Awareness is needed to manage the environment if not a disaster, and it becomes our collective responsibility, not just law enforcement and government regulations in force, relating to the establishment of buildings and logging should also be made by the government and each founder has the responsibility for building surrounding environment. The government should also be able to control the rate of land use, by arranging the layout of his city. Disasters in other regions should be lesson for other cities, not only for the affected areas

  

Environmental Pollution.

Environmental pollution water pollution, soil and air precisely in this era of reform, especially in Java Island has become increasingly serious. Discipline urban communities to manage waste correctly declined. Many piles of garbage is not in place. The players in the industry based on research results that no industrial waste manage well. As many as 50% of the 85 companies only manage the waste under the provisions of the minimum. A total of 22 companies (25%) manage waste is not suitable provisions have not even exist four companies control the pollution from the factory altogether. Air pollution is increasing sharply in major cities, metropolitan and industrial area. Exhaust gases (CO2) emissions from vehicles passing by increasing with increasing number of the vehicle itself. With low-cost vehicles produced are sold on credit, will add to the surge in the number of vehicles, this will add to traffic congestion in big cities. The impact will occur surge of air pollution levels are incredible. 

government as the highest institution in a State authority to regulate or control anything that relates to environmental management in Indonesia, and the Act of 1945 Amendments I-IV in Article 33 which regulates the sources of the State who dominate the life of the people controlled by the State and is used profusely to the people's prosperity. To implement this, the government do the following:  

1. manage and develop policy in the environmental management
  2. regulate the supply, allocation, use, environmental management life and the reuse of natural resources, including genetic resources. 3. organize legal actions and legal relations between others and / or subject to other legal and law-making on resource natural and artificial resources, including genetic resources
  4. controlling activities that have social impact 5. develop funding for the preservation of the environment according to the legislation applicable 

However, due to swift currents of global capitalism have prompted intervention from the state to perform the regulatory process. the effect is the occurrence of a conspiracy between the ruling bureaucracy to streamline the capital with the exploitation of natural resources under the pretext of investment for public welfare. Meanwhile, local communities, have different ways of exploiting the environment, causing environmental conflicts.
  Environmental conflict is the existence of government policies that off the ground by employers are often not impartial to the community. Also in the process of government decision making, often people are not involved, whereas in most cases the victim is the community environment both as individuals and kollektif.
  This conflict shows that the positions between countries with masyarakattidak balanced and each seem to have different interests, both in rural and urban areas. Environmental degradation is to be realized would damage the economy and disrupt the infrastructure of social life. In urban areas characterized by the increasing air pollution and the ever-expanding urban area that is contaminated with air pollution. The condition is closely linked to the increasing destruction of natural resources and the number of polluting industries, in line with economic growth and population growth. Environmental degradation in rural areas can be seen either by increasing the depletion region caused by forest fires and illegal logging by toke toke and also the surrounding community. The existence of environmental degradation that caused the disaster, will be minimized if there is cooperation between the management of natural resources with the State Government instrumentalities, and local communities with local wisdom and knowledge he had.

Awareness is Low.

Awareness of the majority of citizens who are low on the importance of environmental conservation / forest is one thing that causes the public ignorance of environmental degradation intensified. The low awareness of this community because they have no knowledge of an adequate living environment. Therefore, now it's time the knowledge about the environment are developed in such a way and became one of the subjects in public schools ranging from elementary school level. It is considered important, because lack of public knowledge on the functions and benefits the environment has led to discipline in the community also treats the environment in appropriate legislation and the guiding principles of environmental science and technology.

Weak Law Enforcement

There have been many laws that have been made with respect to environmental management and in particular forest, but the implementation on the ground as if invisible, because it is in fact what is done not in accordance with the regulations that have been made. Weak and sanctions for violations in the course of any existing regulations provide an opportunity for the violation. On the other side of law enforcement officers allegedly involved in the syndicate / mafia timber and mining had weakened over the criminal justice process environment, so that environmental issues such as imposing the judicial farce. But above all law enforcement as a result of lack of commitment and moral credibility of law enforcement officers are the main factors that influence the rampant destruction of forests / environment.

Increasing the Poor and Unemployed.

Increase the number of poor and unemployed as a result of the economic crisis recovery, which until now has not succeeded as well as the government's economic policies are not populists such as removing subsidies for most people's basic needs, increase in tariffs BMM, electricity, telephone and others, are factors pemacu environmental triggers as well as by the rural poor. These symptoms are also used by speculators in town to work with the rural poor.
For example the flow of illegal teak wood harvested from state forest / industrial meubeldi perhutani to big cities in Java, as a proof in this regard. Increased number of poor and unemployment is expected to increase and accelerate the destruction of forest / environment is getting worse. This is a red light for the future of our generation.

Reforestation and Reclamation of Failed.

Reforestation efforts that have been cleared and reclaimed pit / former quarry mine clearing was minimal results because the process takes decades and funds are not sufficient because many abused. This proves that knowledge and awareness of the importance of environmental protection, both among officials and citizens is very low. Reforestation of forest fires is suspected foul play to fool the reforestation that is not in accordance with (manipulation reforestation).