Some of the classification region

Territorial division based on the center-periphery region (centreperiphery), although the basic classification, but can be very rough as a useful policy framework for regional development. Bernard Okun and Richard W. Ridrardson create a classification based on the level prosperity and growing capabilities of each region. The level of prosperity expressed by regional income per capita, and the ability to grow is reflected by the growth rate of development. Furthermore, based on these criteria, the various regions can be classified into 4 groups, as follows:

1. The areas of low-income per capita and less developed or low per capita and stagnant regions (LS).

2. The areas of income per capita is high but less developed or high per capita income and stagnant regions (HS).

3. The areas of income per capita is low but growing or low per capita income and growing regions (LG).

4. The areas of high per capita income and growing or high per capita in come, and growing regions (HG).

The classification above can be used to determine the extent of the influence of internal mobility of population resources, capital and other production factors, as well as trade flows between regions, whether to provide benefits or otherwise will create obstacles in the growth areas, both in the region of origin and in destination region. As an example can be mentioned, namely the short-term migration of population out of the area are low-income per capita to developing regions will tend to affect the level of incompatibility between the two regions,

and its influence in the long term will provide the benefits of good growth in the region of origin and in destination areas.

Another example, that migration flows into the region per capita income high and growing per capita than low-income areas and less developed in general consists of low-quality labor force, this will reduce the level of income per capita in the destination, in other hand reduces the labor supply in the region of origin, which in turn tend to be increasing income per capita in the region.

J. Friedmann and W. Aloson showing classification consisting of four development areas, namely (i) metropolitan regions, (1I) deoelopmenat xes, (iii) the frontier regions, d an (iv) depressed regions. Metropolitan regions or metropolitan areas are often referred to as a core regions (core areas). These development centers are usually the big cities with all the activities and facilities industry, trade, transport and communications, finance and banking, and government administration, all of which have major influence on the development of surrounding areas (hinterland) and other small towns (small centers).

Development axes or axis of development, covering areas located on the transportation network that connects two or more metropolitan areas. Roughly speaking we can say that the prospects of development these areas will more or less proportional to the level and extent of development of the territories they relate. As an example can be noted that the axis of development in Japan focuses on three major areas namely the Tokyo-Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, and Osaka-Kobe.

Frontier regions or border areas. With the advancement of new technology, population pressure, as well as new national goals often point to encourage development in areas that have not been processed (oirgin areas).

Depressed regions or areas of stagnation or decline in development because it has no potential for development of reliable resources, such as arid and arid regions. Other zoning system in some countries could be offered, for example in the Netherlands (Regional Economic Policy 1977-1980) classification consists of (i) centers

lgrowth scattered growth centers), (ii) the region that has a drive for development (incentiae area) located in the Northeast, (iii) the restructured region (restructuring area) who are at the tengatr, and (iv) areas that have been restricted (restriction area \ that is the province located in the South.

In France in the homogeneous region are met: (i) areas that are very advanced (the most highly developed regions) consisting of the city of Paris and the surrounding areas, the areas north and east, (ii) the newly developed area (The

newly developing zones) such as regions of Lyon and Provence, and (iii) areas that are underdeveloped and slow growth (less developed and Slowly growing regions) which includes the French territories of the West, Southwest and Central .. In Canada there Hartland terms of concentration of industrial activities and their supporters are more advanced than the hinterland (the back)

Develop the concept of Spatial Economic region

In the discussion of regional problems are the use of various terms. There are some authors (of whom Boudeville) use spatial terms, although between the region and there are spatial but not substantial difference. Regarding the spatial understanding itself turned out not merge because a different view considering that the studies that are multi-discipline area (of Earth Sciences, Economics, Social Sciences, Mathematical Sciences and others). so the spatial structure have many different terms.

Spatial structure can be interpreted as a traditional environment of human life, have provisions and its own ability to regulate the activities of its inhabitants, and even the spatial structure is considered as one of the goals of development. logically and historically, according Boudeville spatial structure can be divided into three terms, namely spatial economics, spatial geographic region, and spatial mathematics. The concept of spatial economics has a more operational sense, for example associated with capital investment, transport networks, industrial, and agricultural technologies create new developments, which include the materials of new materials and new rules. The concept of economic spatial layout can be distinguished by geographic region

Earth Sciences experts put humans in the natural environment, contrary economists regard the environment as one of the factors that influence human activities. Spatial geographic area is a three-dimensional spatial structure, while the economic spatial structure is more complex and multi-dimensional nature.

Spatial economy with different spatial mathematics, namely mathematical spatial truly is abstract and has nothing to do with geographic location. if a spatial structure is formed solely by economic variables, the spatial structure is the spatial structure of mathematics, which means that mathematically can happen everywhere, but otherwise the economic spatial structure is the application of economic variables in above for human needs on a geographic spatial, and through a mathematical transformation can be explained the economic process.

In terms of formal relationship development, spatial economics is a field or arena of power (a field of forces), is a spatial polarization, namely as a place where there is a concentration or concentration of economic activities which are relatively large (the factories and corporations) and significantly different than the surrounding areas. In the field of industrial activity can be shown that the greater the gap in terms of productivity levels in urban and in rural areas, which raised the problem of spatial inequality.

In the abstract, spatial economics emphasizes the aspects of convergence process of growth at the spatial points (Perroux). Within the framework of the analysis area, geographic dimension has been put into effect the development center, this means that the spatial economy is very closely related

with a spatial geographic region (Boudeille). According to Friedmann, Development comes at a small number of centers that change lies in the interaction point which has the highest potential; development tends to spread down and out from these centers into the surrounding area who have lower interaction potential, but does not address the problem of optimum site selection industry and does not specify what type of investment also should be established in urban centers, therefore classified as Friedmann theory without spatial structure (spacelesss) as well as the theory of Perroux although the scope of broader review.

Economic Implications of Regional Spatial planning Dimensions

Location theory to discuss the determinants of the location of an industry or factory in the right location that is at the point of having the lowest costs (least cost). While the economy of a region (regional) discussed the interaction between various resources (human, natural, capital, technology and institutional) on the surface area to meet community development needs and the expected progress effectively and efficiently. Goals from both theory (the theory of the location of regional economic dah) although not the same but show similarities direction, often regarded as a step child (stepchildren) within the family of Economics, which means having a very close relationship between them.

Traditional economic theory ignored the spatial aspect. Although the classical economists was Adam Smith's pioneering yanq wrote many scientific works on a series of evolutionary developments in economic activity. Their formal analysis can be said to be static and without spatial structure; by Walter Isard said to be "a wonderland of no spatial dimensions." The validity of economic laws is absolute (absolute), means universally applicable, equal to all the places (countries) and the whole time. Not surprising that this statement has been attracting more reaction.

A manifestation of these reactions is of economists mashab (flow). history (historical) pioneered by Friedrich List (1841), his National System of Political Economy, which many followers came from Germany, which stressed that the theory is correct or not must be assessed by reference or trend in social reality, they understand the significance of the element of time explicitly incorporated into the theory in the unit price. Because of the location advantages include time savings that would reduce or suppress the delay delivery of the goods, then the spatial aspects of the area to be treated as an aspect of time.

Economists generally believe that they consider factor analysis equipment layout area is only a partial understanding. They tend to assume that the factors of non-economic have dominant effect on spatial patterns in the area of economic activity. The location of various natural resources is certain, while the consideration of non-economic considerations are considered as the determining factor in the decision where they live, work and carry out production activities.

In analyzing the economic implications of spatial dimensions there are at least three ways of view, two of which explicitly take into account the distance variable, while the third treated implicitly. First, a type of analysis assumes that the location of population, industry and resources is certain, as well as road transport chain and the assumption about the spatial structure is as a friction or a shift towards commodity flows between the points which are considered certain. in particular models of this kind are often dealing with the determination of the pattern of commodity flows and linkage equilibrium price.

Friction or linkages between the spatial structure is measured by the cost of transportation and spatial interaction. Although transportation costs reflect the influence of other variables such as volume and weight and density of traffic, but the transportation costs that change directly to the distance. In fact most of the level of transportation costs is less proportional to the distance (tapping rates). The level of transportation cost per ton / kilometer down to the unit distance is increased further. Because transportation costs limit the ability of goods produced at a site to compete with goods produced in another location, then there is a tendency that the flow of goods has decreased farther distances. Second, is to adopt a spatial analysis has been generalized to include the determination of spatial structure and spatial treated as a matrix for the placement of economic activity.

Lokasio approach emphasizes spatial heterogeneity of the system. Production, consumption and population spread. Spatial preference of most individuals, the savings of scale and agglomeration advantages encourage the concentration of productive activity and concentration of population in the centers of a limited number. So the cities and urban units is the relevant object of study in the economics of location and economic areas, because in a conglomeration of regional spatial population there and because of the growth of cities can be explained by the forces of economics and sociology in a systematic manner. On the other hand, the location of natural resources are geographically dispersed, so far apart, which need to be pursued is the minimization of transportation costs.

The balance of opposing forces between centralization and distribution, will determine the structure lokasio (spatial) economic and spatial structure of this economy can explain the formation of flow patterns of production factors and commodities between the optimal spatial structure. Third, is the type of analysis that concentrates on the linkages between the regions in the national economic system. Although geographical factors are not implicitly understood in economic analysis, in the sense that the areas given constraints as having a certain area, the distance variable has not received attention as it should. Areas to be treated as an integral part of a multi-sectoral economy, but because the cost of transportation and distance elements considered

as things that have an influence that can not be ignored in the relationship between regions, then the system is seen as a peripheral region of points which are spatially separated. partly because it ignores the spatial factors and partly because of economic problems in key areas such as regional growth, fluctuations and stabilization policy, and the theory of income determination, then the analysis can be categorized as, macro-regional economies. a valid approach to develop a growth model at the regional level, each region is treated as a whole in an open economy that allows the application of analysis of the flow of goods and people between regions.

According to the stages theory (Friedrich List, 1g46), that economic development will develop following a single evolutionary path, as follows:: Primitive cultures, where the tribes who traveled and self-sufficient families by farming.

1. Feudalism, increases gradually with the narrowness of space life, primitive economy evolved into feudalism. In the Middle Ages, an order of government and exploitation mainly based on land ownership, regulating social and economic life of the king to slave.
2. Capitalism. Feudalism ended in the Renaissance and Reformation produce industrial revolution. farmers leave their land and go into the cities to be proletariat.
3. socialism and communism. Capitalism is considered as an intermediate stage only which will be replaced by socialism or communism, as capitalism replaced feudalism.

The theory of the stages can be used as a reference to determine the direction of future development, but acknowledged that not all predicted it happen. Although capitalism stricken by economic depression-depression that grew serious, the worst was the World Depression of the 1930s but can be overcome. Who would have thought that John Maynard Keynes has emerged and developed the theory of market economy which allows the use of fiscal and monetary policy to soften the business cycle and overcome the chronic lethargy.

The concept of territory in the theoretical analysis

One of the main issues to reveal the importance of the region dimension in development planning is introduced the concept of territory in the theoretical analysis.

It is known along that area is a sub system of the system spatial region nationally. However, in providing further understanding limits can vary due to Regional Studies is interdisciplinary, and therefore required an insight in order to achieve uniformity of views. According to Aristotelian logic, everything can be given a definition or definitions of the three sides of view, namely: (i) seen from the description of material (material description), (ii) according to the formal relations (formal relations), and (iii) is associated with late goal (final objecte). In accordance with the logic of the concept of territory (region) can be divided into three regions, namely (i) homogeneous region (homogeneous region), (ii) the polarization (polarization region) or the nodal (nodal region), and (iii) region planning (planning region) or the program (programming region).

Homogeneous region is defined as a concept which assumes that geographical regions can be linked together into a single region if these regions have the same traits or characteristics. The characteristics

or characteristics may be economic, such as the structure of production is almost equal or homogeneous consumption patterns or the level of income per capita is included in the same group, can also be geographical, topographical or climate suppose that a similar situation, and even social nature can also be political,

such a distinctive regional personality, so easily distinguished by traits or characteristics other areas

In economic theory, similarity in the level of income per capita is a common criterion used to determine the homogeneity of a region. Homogeneous region is analyzed as a determination or as a whole, which is seen how the growth or decline of the region without considering the influence of regional economic interdependence or dependence is concerned with other areas. Nationally, those areas viewed as components of a national economic system that consists of many sectors. In such an analysis is the effect of distance (distance) and differences in spatial (space \ the environment of the areas neglected. It could be argued that the concept of homogeneous regions is an intuitive sense because it is descriptive.

How to approach as presented above are based on macro-economic analysis between regions (interregional macro economics). How this approach is the application of models of national income and national growth model at the regional level. In this case each region is treated as an open economy, thus the models above analysis explains the trade flows, the flow of production factors between regions, and regional income. Fundamental problems such as changes in regional income, regional fluctuations, stabilization policies and the determinants of regional growth can be discussed based on the framework of a national analysis

Nodal areas (central) or regions of polarization (polar) units consisting of a heterogeneous region, such as distribution of the population concentrated in certain places would result in the emergence of large cities, medium cities, and towns Another small town, while residents in rural areas are relatively rare, or in other words the national highway traffic showed a more intensive level of polarization compared with other cities that are not located on highway traffic network.

Categories planning area or region is vital if the program is associated with problems of regional policy. At the national or regional level, spatial planning areas required by the government as a tool to achieve development targets have been set. Zoning plans have been prepared based on the analysis of sectoral development activities are localized in geographical environment units. Regional planning is a unit area of development, where development programs implemented. In this case shown is an important issue of coordination and decentralization of regional development can be enhanced and developed. There is a negative correlation between the development plan period and the amount of territory planning. For the medium term development plan (about 5 years) the number of planning areas tend to be more than the development plan over the long term (15-20 years prospective development will come). For long-term plans have simplified the number of regions considered to be more effective and useful.

The use of spatial terms in this book is meant to give attention on the importance of spatial dimensions (aspects of location) in units of the region as a sub system. Spatial dimension means to reveal traits or characteristics of geography and economic conditions in which development activities undertaken. Region as a sub-system is the designation for the Earth's surface environment in general and of course a limit, is a model of interaction of various elements related to human life and development in the area concerned. Spatial direction has a clear meaning, because it expresses a form of structure and layout of the use and relationship of land use and land use as a spatial relationship, thereby useful in the preparation of appropriate project plan development right in the sense of its kind, right amount, right and proper capacity location.

important dimension of the region (regional) as a location factor in development planning

dimensional region is very important and the factors to be taken into account in the development of analyzing and determining where a program or project is placed in development planning. region connoted by the location of a development activity or economic activities such as industry or factory, enterprise, and service facilities, thus the selection or determination of its location will affect the sustainability of these activities.

if done correctly determine its location, it is expected that these activities will take place in a productive and efficient, but can also reverse the selection of the wrong location will result in these activities are not productive and inefficient, therefore the selection of the location of each business activity must be considered carefully and appropriate. determining the location of an industry or production units are generally associated with the location of the source of raw materials and its market area.

the criteria used can vary, for example, low transport costs, availability of labor resources in relatively large quantities and cheap, the availability of water resources and energy are quite large, or any other attraction in the form of savings and savings lokasional agglomeration.

selection of commodities and the location of the spread on district

selection of commodities and locations in line with socio-economic empowerment is a process in setting the district that began with the activities of CWC commodity analysis to see the district commodities, commodity distribution analysis to look at commodity distribution sites, and assessment alignment with PSE district.

the goal is to identify the leading agricultural commodities cultivated in the district. identify the location of the distribution of agricultural commodities in the district superior. create a harmonization commodities district and the location of the PSE district.

expected outcome is the election of a maximum of 3 priority commodities districts to be developed. election of a maximum of 3 sub-districts as a priority development location commodities districts and the election of a maximum of 3 priority commodities in 3 sub-district development location priority commodities district that is consistent with PSE's mission district.

data required are: production data for each commodity traded at the district level during the last 5 years. price data for each commodity traded at the district level during the last 5 years. production data for each commodity traded at the provincial level during the last 5 years. price data for each commodity traded at the provincial level during the last 5 years. production data of each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. data the amount of labor each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. harvested area data of each commodity at the district level for the last 5 years. data leading commodities prices last 5 years. data on the number and type of supporting infrastructure at the district level. commodity marketing area data at district level and the number of derivatives industry (processing) commodities at the district level.

Proposed a Strategic Area

strategic area district is an area prioritized spatial arrangement because it has very important influence in the scope of the district against the economic, social, cultural, and / or the environment. strategic regional planning district is directed to the development of strategic areas of economy, development of a strategic area for social and cultural interests, as well as the development of a strategic area for the purposes and functions of environmental support.

strategic areas of economic development areas in the district are directed to the integrated area. with the KWT, sectors of the economy began growing rapidly, which can be seen from the growing residential areas, commerce, industry and other social facilities. strategic location, easily recognizable, has a high level of accessibility and have the means and adequate supporting infrastructure, making the integrated area has a good prospect for development. strategic regional economic development area south cross paths. potential development of agriculture and plantations in all districts who passed across the path south. mining excavation in the district yosowilangun b, c in the district mining excavation Tempursari, candipura, sandy and tempeh. capture fisheries in coastal districts Tempursari, pasisiran, tempeh, turmeric and yosowilangun. brackish water aquaculture in the coastal districts yosowilangun. tourism beaches backed road network accessibility to the objects of tourism in the district Tempursari, pasisiran and yosowilangun. meet the needs of appropriate technologies and processes land management and pest management. strategic area development lotus agropolitan region. agribusiness commodities bananas, coffee, vegetables (potatoes). increased participation of private (investor) and the community in the development of agribusiness in the region agropolitan lotus.

repair and improvement of road conditions are broken. construction of terminals and sub-terminal. listrk network system gradually. planning of settlement and development of agro-tourism facilities, attractions that can be developed in the region include ecotourism agropolitan lotus, rest aea, homstay, viewing post, fishing and floating restaurant. development research institute of agricultural technology development to meet the needs of appropriate technologies and land management processes and handling pests.

socio-cultural region. giri location of the temple Mandara great Sewu established as a strategic area of socio-cultural because it has a high cultural value and needs to be preserved as one of the main potential in supporting the development of tourism in Lumajang.

development around the location of the temple is necessary to development restrictions based on rules concerning the management of cultural area, especially in 3 stages: 1, exploration and research, 2 preservation, conservation and restoration, 3 use of the area that is a unity that can not be separated.

strategic area of environmental preservation. directed at the area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. development of nature tourism and tourism research because it has diversity and a high density of vegetation.

improving coordination among agencies that have interests in the region to avoid conflicts of interest and preserve the national park forest

terms and understanding the region

with the primary function of protected areas or cultivated, which is the geographical unity of space and all the elements related to him the limits and the system is determined based on the functional aspects as well as having certain characteristics (specific / special). region is a geographical area can be very broad or limited, such a vast forest areas and residential areas are limited.

bonded area

customs or special industrial area, serves as a place of processing goods for export purposes, restricted certain customs territory in which special provisions apply in the field of customs, the island of Batam, a bonded zone.

cultivation area

region defined by the main function to be cultivated on the basis of existing and potential natural resources, human resources, and artificial resources. areas touched by human hands in order to make it more useful and provide the results to human needs. cultivation area can be either production forests, farms, residential areas, industrial zones, bonded area, tourism area, the area places of worship, educational area, the area of defense and security and so forth.

area of cultural heritage and science

region which is the location of the building of the high value of human culture and unique natural geological forms. DKI Jakarta government's plan for the island of Onrust in 'thousand islands' as the area of cultural heritage and science.

protected forest area

forest areas that have unique properties, which can provide protection to the surrounding area as well as subordinates, as a regulator of the water system, preventing flooding and erosion and maintain soil fertility.

Reflections Competition Hypermarkets and Traditional Markets

The development of modern markets in last few years is relatively very fast.Some sources state that it originated from the Presidential Decree. 96/2000 concerning

business fields closed and open for foreign investment. In regulation, the business of retail trade is one line of business that is open to parties foreign. For international wholesalers,the policy is clearly an opportunity very promising, because Indonesia has a potential market. By Therefore, after the policy was introduced, slowly but surely growing market modern large-scale increase. In the beginning development, the market did not occur market shows that concentrated on

a handful of players. In short, the market for retail sector oligopoly practices still occur.

However,in the last three years the pattern experienced a shift, where the market sector Indonesia became concentrated in the retail a handful of players. unfortunately, the process include acquisitions of domestic retail company by foreign multinational retail corporation.

Meanwhile, several other sources proclaim that these developments were can not be separated from policy minister Industry and Trade in 1998, in Where there is no clear definition between retailers, wholesalers, and wholesalers. On the opposite side, the business world guided by knowledge management continues to grow (by design franchise) causing wholesalers to enter be a retailer. Therefore, in addition to the rapid development of modern market scale large, retail in Indonesia is also characterized by mastery of retailers by players

large.

At first glance, this policy directlyraises consumer surplus,

because, for example-with different strategies discounts and purchase goods directly to producers, then the selling price of products on the market

modern be lower than in markets traditional. This fact is of course an impact on costs incurred by consumers when shopping at a large scale modern market more

lower than shopping at retailers traditional (both in traditional markets as well as in neighborhood community). But whether empirical data that happens is like this

or whether in fact there is another result? In addition, prognosis that there is a shift pattern consumers have also caused decrease in the existence of retailers

Traditionally, the start of the decline in business turnover, earnings, up to the lid of business retail trade, which ultimately affect incidence of unemployment in the former trader retail. But is this reality so really happening in Indonesia or even no Another result has not appeared to surface?

More than anything, also not reflected clearly how consumer preferences, so that they eventually turn away from the market traditional to modern markets. This identification very important, where not only aims rational reason for consumers to know that shopping orientation changed to the modern market, but also as part of a strategy to traditional market position in order to compete with modern markets in the future future. The reason is, when the traditional markets has provided a variety of things that become basis of rational choices of consumers, then the

The buyer would not hesitate to return shopping to retailers traditional.

transport system

• System activity: 

1. the movement of people and goods  : socio-economic, young vs. old, mother vs. career household, kindergarten student vs. student, worker versus manager, etc.; residential vs. office buildings, agricultural vs. industrial, metropolitan vs small town. 
2. High quality / high quantity : trip activity (volume, frequency, distance, mode, convergence / spatial temporal

• Network Systems: Infrastructure & services (highways, railroads, terminals, airports, ports, ASDP, etc.. The higher the infrastructure & services 

1. higher the quality & quantity of the resulting movement

• Movement System: 

1. Volume : people, goods, modes, etc.; 
2. mean : schools, shopping, production & distribution (of goods), etc.; 
3. Time : peak hours, holidays, interstate, etc.); 
4. Distance : km, hours; 
5. Speed : km / hours; 
6. frequency : vehicles / min; 
7. Moda : (single / multi), walk, rickshaw, car, bus, boat, plane, etc.

• Institutional system: 

1. legal aspects : UU, PP, policy, spatial planning, incentives and disincentives; energy policy, concerned with "eating" vs. "bad", etc; human resources, funding (O & M)

• Environmental Systems Internal & external: 

1. social, cultural, political, physical, technological (non-rickshaws in Padang : culture; 
2. Lembang : physical 
3. brawl & demos : social / political

• Space Systems / Spatial: 

1. local, regional, national, international. Agenda FAA, holidays, long holiday : Bandung, Jakarta traffic jams, etc.

SYSTEMS APPROACH IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Management of natural resources and environment are things that contain a lot of challenges.This includes land resources, water, air, vegetation, and energy very owe influence of human activities and attitudes. A fundamental problem is that each component of the interconnected environment and can generate events that are not desired. For example, river water pollution associated with wastewater output related to various factors, such as sources of waste, waste characteristics, accumulated waste, waste handling process, method and location of disposal, transportation of waste in river flow, and the influence of waste on aquatic biota, and water use by human.

In general, each component can be analyzed separately, but the actual river water pollution problems are the result of interaction and collective influence of a system of wastewater pollution.

Environmental problems, if examined in the system will provide many uses.Problematic can be calculated by the totality of which the most effective control work can be found. In the example of pollution of the river waters, a systems approach will be able to produce a combination of source reduction of waste, methods of handling, and disposal sites more effective and allow lower costs through improved handling of it. A consequence of the systems perspective on environmental quality is likely to widen the application of alternative control strategies and opportunities for efficient and integrated managerial

Spatial approach

Spatial approach is a perspective or frame of analysis emphasizes the existence of space for emphasis. The existence of space in the perspective of geography can be seen from the structure (spatial structure), pattern (spatial pattern), and processes (spatial processes) (Yunus, 1997). In the context of spatial phenomena there are differences in appearance of the structure, pattern and process. Spatial structure with respect to the elements forming the space.These elements can be summarized in three main forms, namely: (1) appearance point (point features), (2) the appearance of lines (line features), and (3) appearance of the field (area features).

The framework approach to spatial analysis starting point on the problem of the composition of the elements forming the space. The analysis was done by answering the following questions.

1. What? Space structure is that?

2. Where? Where the fabric of space is located?

3. When? When did these space structures are formed like that?

4. Why? Why is the fabric of space is formed like that?

5. How? What is the process of formation such structures?

6. Who suffers what WHO and what benefits? How to structure

Spatial is utilized in such a manner for the benefit of mankind. Positive and negative impacts of the existence of such a space is always associated with human interests in the present and future.

Data Entry System

In this section we will learn techniques incorporate spatial data from the above sources into the GIS, including:
1. Digitization
2. Use of GPS
3. Conversion from other systems

Spatial data formats

In GIS, spatial data can be represented in two formats, namely:

1. vektor
In vector format data, our earth is represented as a mosaic of the line (arc / line), polygons (area bounded by the line that starts and ends at the same point), point / point (nodes that have a label), and nodes (A point of intersection between two lines).
The main advantage of vector data format is the accuracy in representing point features, boundaries and straight lines.This is very useful for analysis that requires precision positioning, for example at the boundaries of cadastral database.Examples of other uses is to define the spatial relationship of some features.The main drawback of vector data is its inability to accommodate a gradual change.

2. raster
Raster data (or also called grid cells) is the data generated from remote sensing systems.In raster data, geographic object is represented as a grid cell structure called a pixel (picture element).In raster data, resolution (visual definition) depends on its pixel size.
In other words, pixel resolution describes the actual size of the earth's surface represented by each pixel in the image.The smaller the size of the Earth's surface is represented by a single cell, the higher the resolution.
Raster data is very good to represent the boundaries change gradually, such as soil type, soil moisture, vegetation, soil temperature, etc..The main limitation is the large size of the raster data file; the higher the resolution of its grid, the greater the file size.

Each format has its advantages and disadvantages of data.Selection of data format used depends on the intended use, the available data volume of data generated, the desired accuracy, and ease of analysis.Vector data is relatively more economical in terms of file size and precision in the location, but very difficult to use in computational mathematics.In contrast, raster data file storage space usually requires a larger and less precise location, but it is mathematically easier to use.

Coordinate Systems

Location information is determined based on the coordinate system, among which include datum and projection maps.Datum is a collection of parameters and control points which geometric relationships are known, either through measurement or calculation.While the map projection system is a system designed to represent the curved surface of a field or a spheroid (eg earth) on a flat field.This causes distortion of the representation process that needs to be taken into account to obtain the accuracy of some kinds of properties, such as distance, angle, or area.

Spatial Data

Spatial data have two important parts which makes it different from other data, namely the location information and attribute information which can be explained as follows:

Information location or spatial information.A common example is the latitude and longitude information, including datum and projection information.Another example of spatial information that can be used to identify the location for example is ZIP Code.

Descriptive information (attributes) or non-spatial information.A locality can have multiple attributes or properties associated with it, for example type of vegetation, population, income per year, etc..

GIS and Geospatial Data

What is GIS that?
GIS began to be known in the early 1980s.In line with the development of computer tools, both software and hardware, the SIG is growing very rapidly in the era of the 1990s.Literally, GIS can be defined as:

"A component that consists of hardware, software, geographic data and human resources that work together effectively to capture, store, refine, update, manage, manipulate, integrate, analyze, and display data in a geographic-based information"

Spatial information using the location, in a certain coordinate system, as a basic reference. GIS therefore has the ability to link various data at a given point on earth, combine, analyze and ultimately to map the results.GIS applications to answer a few questions such as: location, condition, trends, patterns, and modeling.

Ability is what distinguishes GIS from other information systems viewed from the definition, GIS is a system consisting of various components that can not stand on their own. Having a computer hardware along with its software does not mean that we already have a GIS when geographic data and human resources to operate it does not exist.As computer systems in general, GIS is simply a 'tool' that have special abilities.The ability of human resources to formulate and analyze the results of the final issue was instrumental in the success of the GIS system.

application of GIS for tropical forestry

Various constraints that have been discussed above apply to the development and use of GIS in general in developing countries, and also specifically for the forestry sector. Here we will briefly discuss the potential application of GIS for tropical forestry. Some applications have been done in several places in tropical countries, but basically operationally GIS applications are still far from optimal when compared to the ability of GIS to support planning and management of tropical forests.

As known, inventory and monitoring are the foundation of good forest management.The main obstacle in the inventory and monitoring are the limitations in data retrieval, because the vast area, the difficulty of reaching the area, the length of time required and limited human resources.GIS, especially with the PJ, which can reach a large area with a relatively high frequency support is a breakthrough in the aspects of inventory and monitoring.

But in the developing practice of inventory and monitoring using GIS is still very far from optimal.Protection of forests due to human activity, fire, weeds and diseases is an important aspect of tropical forestry.GIS application in this particular aspect is to study forest fires. But most of these projects are research projects rather than planning and operational management.

Commercially, the most important forest product is timber.Deforestation is considered a negative impact on the environment requires good planning.The spatial forest modeling using GIS is very helpful in the planning and harvesting strategies, but the application is mostly used in developed countries, and in general are still in research stage.

Forest rehabilitation, especially considering the large area of damaged forests, are aspects that are in need of attention as well as highly complex with a low success rate. GIS can help the problem of forest rehabilitation in the stage of research and mapping the location, the selection of suitable species, breeding locations and other infrastructure as well as in monitoring and evaluation stage.However, projects or research relating to the application of GIS for forest rehabilitation is very little, although in developed countries even.

As mentioned above, in recent decades is the tendency of shifting the focus from industrial forestry towards environmental protection and its benefits to local communities.Information is actually a requirement to determine the direction of the implementation of community-based forest management.Socio-economic information in particular is very important information.Use of GIS in this aspect, both in developing countries and in developed countries, is still very minimal.

In the aspect of forest conservation and biodiversity, to determine priority areas and hotspots of biodiversity are the most fundamental things. GIS application for this, both in developed and developing countries, there are enough.

Tropical forests have a significant role in global climate change.GIS is a very useful tool in climate change research, namely in terms of organizing data, in the form of global databases, and spatial analysis capabilities for modeling.GIS application for research on climate change growing rapidly, but for developing countries is still very limited.

Spatial databases will be increasingly important in terms of supporting decision making related to forest management. Some global database that covers an area of tropical forests has been available, which include databases on topography, wet tropical forests, global climate, global climate change, satellite imagery, and soil conservation.

GIS in developing countries

The application and development of GIS began in developed countries, especially North America.The main components of GIS include hardware, software, data and human resources.The hardware includes computer, scanner digitizer, plotter, printer, while the software can be selected either commercial or freely available.Examples of software that are widely used ARC / INFO, ArcView, Idrisi, ER Mapper, GRASS, MapInfo.Data formats will be discussed specifically in the following chapter.

GIS application for tropical forestry

Tropical forests are ecosystems and also an important natural resource, both locally and globally.Some functions of tropical forests are: productive (economic), protection (ecological), psychological and religious, as well as tourism and education. Tropical forest decreases very rapidly during the past three decades and the rapid destruction of tropical forests is the highest in the world.

complete set of rules in 1945 to 2009

collection of legislation that includes laws, regulations, ministerial, presidential decree, presidential rule, the interior minister's decision, a presidential instruction, etc.set of rules starting in 1945 until 2009 and all is complete you can download it here..

Pairing the Location Quotient and Assumption Techniques

It is also important to note that the Location Quotient Technique is often paired with the Assumption Technique to provide a more complete set of results. Some industries can clearly and correctly be identified as Basic and other can be identified as Non-Basic.

For example, SIC Code 70 (Hotels and Lodging) is generally assumed to be Basic sector employment, regardless of its calculated LQ, because this industry, by definition, largely serves a non-local demand. Similarly, Local Government employment is always assumed to be Non-basic because these jobs, again by definition,serve local demand. By pairing the assumptions of these different techniques a more reasonable and accurate assessment of the local economy is possible.

Calculating the Level of Basic Employment

When the LQ is calculated to be greater than 1.0, it has been determined that some of that industry's employment is Basic. However, it is must be emphasized that a LQ > 1.0 does not mean that all that industry's employment is basic in nature. Recall that it is assumed that any employment "below" an LQ of 1.0 is Non-Basic; those jobs serve local demand. Only those jobs over and above what was expected for the region can be identified as Basic sector jobs.

Because of the assumptions of the Location Quotient approach, a second formula must be applied to determine the number of Basic sector jobs when the LQ is greater than 1.0. This formula is as follows:

Basic Sector Employment	=	Regional Employment Industry I	-	Total Regional Employment	X	National Employment Industry I
		National Employment Industry I		Total National Employment

Examples

For an example of the Location Quotient technique applied to a single industrial sector, visit the King County-WA State LQ Example Page. To see the technique applied with the United States as a comparison region, visit the King County-US LQ Example page.

An Important Caveat: Carefully Choose Your Geographic Units

As with any of the Economic Base Methods, the choice of your data and, more importantly, your comparison area can greatly affect your results. As seen in the LQ example, the use of Washington State may compromise our Industry Code 37 Basic sector employment results. Like King County, it is likely that the entire State of Washington has a greater than average number of Transportation Equipment manufacturing jobs, mainly because of Boeing's existence in the State.

This greater than expected Transportation Manufacturing Employment in the State affects the calculation of the Location Quotient, which then has a direct effect upon the calculated number of Basic sector jobs for this industry. In short, we may have underestimated the number of Basic sector jobs for this industry by using the State of Washington as our reference region; the large number of Transportation Manufacturing jobs in King County does not appear to be that unique when compared to the State as a whole.

Interpreting Calculated Location Quotients

nterpreting the Location Quotient is very simple. Only three general outcomes are possible when calculating location quotients. These outcomes are as follows:

LQ < 1.0

LQ = 1.0

LQ > 1.0

LQ < 1.0 = All Employment is Non-Basic
A LQ that is less than zero suggests that local employment is less than was expected for a given industry. Therefore, that industry is not even meeting local demand for a given good or service. Therefore all of this employment is considered non-basic by definition.

A LQ = 1.0 = All Employment is Non-Basic
A LQ that is equal to zero suggests that the local employment is exactly sufficient to meet the local demand for a given good or service. Therefore, all of this employment is also considered non-basic because none of these goods or services are exported to non-local areas.

A LQ > 1.0 = Some Employment is Basic
A LQ that is greater than zero provides evidence of basic employment for a given industry. When an LQ > 1.0, the analyst concludes that local employment is greater than expected and it is therefore assumed that this "extra" employment is basic. These extra jobs then must export their goods and services to non-local areas which, by definition, makes them Basic sector employment.

Location Quotient Calculation

To calculate any location quotient the following formula is applied. Note that in this formula we are comparing the Regional Economy (often a county) to the National Economy. Location quotients may also be calculated that compare the county to a state.

Location Quotient=	Regional Employment in Industry I in Year T	/	National Employment in Industry I in Year T
	Total Regional Employment  in Year T		Total National Employment in Year T

Examining this formula more closely, we see that to allocate employment to the basic and non-basic sectors, location quotients are calculated for each industry. Simply stated, the location quotient method compares Local Employment to National Employment. The LQ provides evidence for the existence of basic employment in a given industry.

PERFORMANCE AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES IN AGROPOLITAN MODEL REGION BASED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO SUPPORT AGRIBUSINESS

The implementation of agropolytant have strong justification and considered to be a breakthrough program to strengthen the achievement of agribusiness development for the benefit of the farmers as well as regional economic development. The study consists of two main activities, i.e.: (a) To evaluate the concept and the achievement of agropolytant program; and (b) To assess the ongoing agropolytant pilot project. The strengthening of agropolytant development has to be facilitated with suitable strategic policies of domestic price stability, better accessibility to input market and processing, better urban functionality, and accelerated rural-urban flow for the benefit of rural people.

In addition, the policy of agropolytant program credit scheme (BLM) have to be complemented and facilitated with strong self-help farmer group and cooperative marketing institutional development. Agropolytant development has been able to improve farmer income, but absolutely the farmer income is still low, due to restricted resource endowment. Agropolytant program working group (Pokja) at regency level has well functionality, and Agropolytant Regional Management Agency (BPKAP) at provincial and regency level are badly needed. The existence of BPKAP will have important role in supporting the efectivity, performance, and accountability of agropolytant program. Government support have been implemented well. The achievement of those facilities have to be complemented

with proper incentive system for all parties participated in agropolytant development program

LOCATION QUOTIENT TECHNIQUE

The Location Quotient Technique is the most commonly utilized economic base analysis method. It was developed in part to offer a slightly more complex model to the variety of analytical tools available to economic base analysts. This technique compares the local economy to a reference economy, in the process attempting to identify specializations in the local economy. The location quotient technique is based upon a calculated ratio between the local economy and the economy of some reference unit. This ratio, called an industry "location quotient" gives this technique its name.

CITY DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS PEKALONGAN RELIABLE AS ONE AREA IN CENTRAL JAVA

The research has purpose to identify characteristic of Pekalongan city as region key. They are high growth and high income, leading sector, and interrelatedness economy with other region. For this purpose, it’s used by analysis tool : Klassen Tipology, Location Quotient ( LQ ), Growth Ratio Model (GRM), Overlay, Shift Share, and Gravity Model.

The results show that Pekalongan city in the classify low growth and high income region. By using LQ analys that in Pekalongan City there are almost all sectors in Pekalongan City are leading sectors, except agriculture sector and industry sector, but by using overlay and shift share analys show those true sectors have competitive advantage and specialize two sectors only, they are trading sector and finance sector .

Transport Knowledge Center (TKC) Catalogue

SERI 319
ISBN 1,85339199913E+11
KLASIFIKASI LIT 388.09 Daw r
PENGARANG Dawson, Jonathan
JUDUL Roads are not enough. New perspectives on rural transport planning in developing
countries. Jonathan Dawson, Ian Barwell
EDISI
KOTA London
PENERBIT Intermediate Technology Publications
TAHUN 1993
DESKRIPSI vii, 76 hlm. . ill. ; 30 cm.
KATA KUNCI Rural transport planning

land evaluation and land use planning

Land evaluation is formally defined as 'the assessment of land performance when used for a specified purpose, involving the execution and interpretation of surveys and studies of land forms, soils, vegetation, climate and other aspects of land in order to identify and make a comparison of promising kinds of land use in terms applicable to the objectives of the evaluation' (FAO, 1976.

Conceptually, land evaluation requires matching of the ecological and management requirements of relevant kinds of land use with land qualities , whilst taking local economic and social conditions into account. Land evaluation provides practical answers to such questions as "What other uses of land are physically possible and economically and socially relevant?", "What inputs are necessary to bring about a desired level of production?", and "What are the current land uses and what are the consequences if current management practices stay the same?"

Depending on the questions that need to be answered, land evaluation can be carried out at different scales (e.g. local, national regional and even global) and with different levels of quantification (i.e. qualitative vs quantitative). Studies at the national scale may be useful in setting national priorities for development, whereas those targeted at the local level are useful for selecting specific projects for implementation. Land evaluation is applicable both in areas where there is strong competition between existing land uses in highly populated zones as well as in zones that are largely undeveloped

Land evaluation is often carried out in response to recognition of a need for changes in the way in which land is currently being used. The information and recommendations from land evaluation represent only one of multiple inputs into the land use planning process (discussed in a later section of this paper), which often follows land evaluation. In turn, the land use planning process can serve to screen preliminary land use options that should be considered for land evaluation. The two processes are therefore interlinked

Land evaluation should be distinguished from land valuation (i.e. estimation of the monetary or "market" value of land for the purpose for which it is currently used, e.g. farming). It should also be distinguished from 'land capability' as used, for example, within the context of the Canada Land Inventory or the USDA land classification system. For these systems, capability is based primarily on an assessment of soil conditions to support common cultivated crops and pasture plants. The FAO land-evaluation approach, on the other hand, additionally takes into account specific crops and aspects related to land-management and socio-economic setting. The approach has been applied extensively in projects backstopped by FAO in various countries in different parts of the world for over thirty years

Sample Proposal (English)

All research reports use roughly the same format. It doesn't matter whether you've done a customer satisfaction survey, an employee opinion survey, a health care survey, or a marketing research survey. All have the same basic structure and format. The rationale is that readers of research reports (i.e., decision makers, funders, etc.) will know exactly where to find the information they are looking for, regardless of the individual report.

Once you've learned the basic rules for research proposal and report writing, you can apply them to any research discipline. The same rules apply to writing a proposal, a thesis, a dissertation, or any business research report.

The most commonly used style for writing research reports is called "APA" and the rules are described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Any library or bookstore will have it readily available. The style guide contains hundreds of rules for grammar, layout, and syntax. This paper will cover the most important onoes.

An Introduction to Integrated Planning Templates

Integrated Planning (IP) Templates are a series of “excel” based worksheets that form a major component of resource planning, a key element of college/division’s Integrated Plan. It is planned that when IP at the University is fully implemented, there will be templates for all of the key resources that will be part of any Integrated Plan including dollars, people (FTES – full time equivalents) and space . For 2007/2008 planning, templates have been prepared for two of these resources components (Dollars and People).

Purpose:
Integrated Planning (IP) Templates have been developed with several major objectives;
1. To provide a vehicle to document major allocation/reallocation decisions in college/divisions.
2. To provide an overall accountability framework for decisions in the context of college/division plans.
3. To provide initial resource plans for major college/divisional initiatives.
4. To help ensure that college/divisional plans align with the overall University resources.

What to Emphasize in Completing the IP Templates:

In order to achieve the basic objectives of the templates, it is important that the primary task in preparing the templates is that they be “complete”; in other words that the estimated resource implications of all major decisions and initiatives be documented on the templates.

While the most obvious feature of the templates are the numerical “cells” on the worksheet, efforts have been made to provide input areas for “notes”. These “note” fields should be used capture, in words, the major assumptions that are stated in the Integrated Plan and which are reflected in the numbers.

The templates have been formatted using the University’s “chart of accounts” or financial dictionary. This has been done to provide a starting point for the planning; the current resources assigned to colleges/divisions. For dollars and FTES the starting point is the base budget. While the base budget is used to start the planning period it is very important to remember that these templates are not approved budgets. College/division planners therefore need not try for the same degree of precision of the future years’ numbers to the same extent they do for approved budgets and other financial transactions. What is important is that all decisions are recognized on the templates using reasonable estimates that the college/division could be justify with in the context of current costs and achievable revenues/recoveries. (These templates are expressed in “constant dollars” i.e., no provision for general inflation.)

Human Capital Development; Labor and Employment

What Drives Mass Education? Economy, Policies, Institutions.

This research project studied the expansion of education in developing countries in 1960–2000, relating it to economic and institutional factors. In particular, the research attempted to identify the kinds of policies consistent with enhancing the demand for education.

The research was based on multivariate regression analysis with fixed effects using cross-country data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database and provincial data on China from the China Statistical Yearbook for 1986–2002. The initial analysis found that educational attainment around the world has increased at a pace exceeding income growth. This finding prompted research into the causes  of expansion in education, which led to consideration—both in the cross-country framework and across provinces in China—of the effect of economic openness. This analysis produced two main findings.

1.Increased educational attainment was related to an economy’s degree of openness.

2.Economic openness apparently enhanced the demand for skilled labor as a result of technological spillovers, thus generating demand for education.

The findings suggested that improvements in trade policies and aspects of governance related to openness could be expected to lead to advances in schooling. The research contributed to the debate on how best to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in education.

Completing the Templates

The following steps outline a general approach to completion of the templates. College/division planners will have to make reasonable assumptions concerning the impact of decisions e.g., in assigning costs particularly for regular full time staff the normal hiring rate for salaries should be used (benefits rates are pre-programmed in the worksheets). All assumptions used should be documented in the notes added to the worksheet. More detailed instructions for actual input into the templates will be presented separately in a series of training sessions with College/division administrative officers. Those instructions however address how to input numbers into the templates not what numbers to input. The following are the major basic sequence of steps that planners should use in preparing these templates.

Step 1: Enter the “base” column

The numbers (dollars and FTES) for this column are obtainable from the FRS (Financial Reporting System) using the IP FTE and Base Budget report located in the Budget/Summary menu. The precise timing of the extraction should not be important however units must select a period after all salary and benefit increases for the current year have been transferred. This date will be communicated to users when it has occurred. (Note for 2007/2008 this date has occurred so the base may be selected at anytime from the FRS 2006/2007 IP FTE and Base Budget report. Be sure to note the effective date of the transfer and enter it at the top of the Base column.

Step 2: Identify the general sources of the PIF and CPCI contributions on the appropriate worksheet

While the precise multi year amount has not been calculated planners may use the current years number as a proxy for the amounts. Both of these are base adjustments. While the precise position or expense/revenue line need not be identified units should identify the category (line object both dollars and FTES if applicable) on the worksheet e.g., Regular Full-time (RFT) Faculty, Operating etc. Units should not simply “plug” the number in a line – no negative lines should appear on the templates unless they are revenues/recoveries or a planned transfer from other funds

Step 3: Prepare plans for request(s) for PIF funding

These templates should be detailed and well documented, reflecting the best estimates for the college/division for proposals requesting funding from the PIF. While they are not approved budgets they will form the basis of the budget proposal and subsequent funding transfer IF approved and the college/division will be held accountable for the use of these funds based on this proposal. There is only one worksheet tab entitled “Allocation from PIF” however one or more of the “spares” provided may be used (renamed) for multiple PIF submissions.

Step 4: Prepare notes

Notes should be entered that detail the assumptions for each line item on every page of the template. The notes are the key to the documentation of assumptions. This is critical for the communication of college/division plans

Step 5: Attach the completed templates

The completed Template will be included as part of the Integrated Plan for the College/Division

Growth, Redistribution, and Human Development

Understanding the links between economic growth and aggregate human development outcomes can help inform efforts to monitor and forecast progress in improving those outcomes, such as in assessing progress toward the Millennium Development Goals.

This research project aimed to develop a set of tools for consistently aggregating the empirical, microeconomic relationships to throw light on the macroeconomics of human development. It developed and implemented a micro-econometric decomposition method for investigating the proximate determinants of aggregate human development outcomes and to measure the importance of growth in mean incomes relative to changes in the distribution of income and non-income characteristics of the population.

The project applied these methods to basic schooling over the 1990s in Morocco and Vietnam—countries chosen because of their particularities in growth and human development performance in the 1990s and because of the availability of suitable survey data. The study used the Morocco Living Standards Surveys of 1990–91 and 1998–99 and the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys of 1992–93 and 1997–98. A user friendly STATA program was written to implement the method in other settings.

The analysis found that growth and distributional change have played a surprisingly modest role in the changes in school enrollments over time observed in both countries. The bulk of the changes observed over time were accountable to changes in the structure of the model linking these variables to schooling attainments. The decomposition could not reveal what drives these structural changes because they are economy-wide factors; but there must be a strong presumption that they include both the effects of public policy efforts at increasing enrollments and increases in the overall economic returns to schooling, and/or more widely shared knowledge about those returns.

Trends in International Trade in Higher Education Services: Implications and Options for Developing Countries

International trade in higher education services has grown rapidly in recent years in a variety of forms. The most common form of this trade is the movement of students to study in foreign universities, which has been supplemented by the delivery of foreign higher education programs and institutions to transition and developing countries.

Among the factors propelling demand for foreign higher education services are the excess demand for domestic higher education and the need for internationally recognized qualifications in emerging regional and global markets for highly skilled labor. Several countries have also encouraged foreign collaboration to improve the quality of domestic higher education.

However, there are concerns in developing countries about possible negative effects of this trade on under-funded and inefficient domestic higher education systems operating within weak regulatory systems. The possibility of losing sovereignty over a sector that is vital to national development is another major concern. As a result, despite the growth in international higher education trade, most developing countries have been unwilling to make binding commitments in the current round of the General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) negotiations and in bilateral trade agreements.

This research project analyzed data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on international student flows, the International Monetary Fund’s balance of payments, trade statistics of selected countries, and GATS schedules.

The project findings showed that this trade is bound to increase and diversify due to growing demand for foreign qualifications and increasing competition among industrialized nations in the higher education market. The findings also showed the increased entry of higher education institutions.

from developing countries, which can compete on both price and quality. These developments offer options for developing countries, including low-income countries, to expand and strengthen their domestic higher education systems.

University-Industry Linkages in Metropolitan Areas in Asia

Universities as an axis for the urban economy are attracting a great deal of interest in middle and upper-income economies in Eastern and Southern Asia. In these regions, growing integration with the leading global industries coincides with rapid urbanization and a dramatic re-scaling of economic activity. However, research that could guide university development and supportive metropolitan as well as national policies in Asia is very thin, despite the fact that clusters of innovative activities have sprung up in China, India, Korea, Malaysia, and Taiwan (China).

This research project studied how universities could participate in a development strategy based on innovation and knowledge-intensive activities when pressure on urban economies is especially severe. The study identified the likely effects of different policies and institutional mechanisms for promoting successful university-industry linkages in Asia and maximizing the spillovers from universities. The project primarily relied on detailed interviews of representatives of firms, universities, and municipal authorities; quantitative data on innovation outputs by universities (published papers and patents); the performance of firms linked to universities; and material drawn from the academic literature.

The project findings indicate that the leading universities and research institutions in Asia are likely to increase their linkages with industry. Similarly, Asian firms are finding that. in-house research is insufficient even for the largest corporations. Contracting out research to universities, entering into alliances with research institutes, and collaborating with university researchers can confer substantial advantages.

The project’s case studies of countries and urban centers highlighted problems as well as innovative guidance on policies for remedying them. Thus, the study hoped to inform World Bank policy dialogues with member countries on the tertiary education sector and technology development.

The project sparked wide interest in the World Bank. A similar study has been launched on countries in Sub-Saharan African. In addition, the idea of innovation activities in core urban areas was included in the report on Thailand’s Knowledge Economy and similar work has been requested by the authorities in Malaysia and Thailand.

5 patial factors applied areas within a framework of analysis and economic theory

I have discussed about  he spatial factors applied areas within a framework of analysis and economic theory., where there are five factors include

The second, is related to the concept introduced in the territory of theoretical analysis. region in this case defined as the spatial sub-system of national economic system. with the concept of the region has encouraged the preparation of spatial development plans and regional development and measurement of economic activity. several criteria have been developed to determine the limits of an area of development (development region), although it is recognized that this is not an easy thing. for easy determination of boundaries of development in general is still in use determination of boundaries of development in general, he used the administrative territorial units (the government).
The third issue is to analyze the interactions among regions. can distinguish two forms of interaction between regions is 1, the current movement of production factors and 2, the exchange of commodities. explanation of why the current movement of factors of production and exchange of commodities and how they affect economic activity of a region considered to be a central point in the study of the economic problems of the region (regional).

The fourth is the question of optimum analysis or balance among regions. optimum condition is always associated with the goals and objectives to be achieved as the optimal allocation of resources (Pareto optimum allocation of resources) or minimization of certain inputs. some questions raised in this connection to them is about the selection of optimal location for economic activities vary. specialization of production conducted in optimal regions and commodities exchanges also conducted optimally between areas. can finally be said that the analysis was viewed as a discussion of the optimum and the implications of the objectives that have been determined.

fifth, that is related to policy issue areas. regional economic policy is intended as the activities that try to pay attention and take into account the effect of economic behavior in a spatial environment. trying to control the region's economic policies and control structures and economic processes in the sub-national economic system.

some questions can be raised whether such objectives of the policy area? how the policy objectives diinterealisasi region with national policy objectives and so forth. events that occurred in the past has made it clear that market forces are not able to fully create the similarity of national income.

movement of production factors can lead to imbalance and the areas that are less developed will suffer losses due to flight of capital and migration to the outer region. agglomeration benefits can provide a boost for the region is relatively less affluent to develop more forward again. to create harmony between the regions required appropriate regional economic policy. if at first attention to the problem of economic development is directed at the growth of income levels, but now tend to study the distribution of results due to economic developments both sectorally and geographically. thus the role of each region in the development and economy are becoming apparent, in addition to visits of importance to the growth of each region, but also show the role of each region, but also show its role on the national economy as a whole. thoughts as stated above has prompted the emergence of new economic discipline of economic development. study - a study and the deliberations of a very broad field of territorial aspects.