rental house in city's slum

In relation to the improvement of housing conditions in cities like London, it is necessary to change the paradigm. Besides having a problem, especially in terms of poor environmental quality, real slums have the potential to be developed and that contribute to solving the problem of adequate housing and the urban economy. Governments need to think of new ways in dealing with housing issues, and divert some resources to the intensification and improvement of the quality rental housing (rental housing), including a slum that has been neglected. Marginal in urban areas generally still require our collective attention, especially to enhance their capacity and accessibility of quality of life improvements. Country and the city is built for all, not just for those who are lucky, but also especially to those who have not been lucky.

sumber : http://myfitri.com/tips/tips-pangsapuri-vs-rumah-teres/

PERATURAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 78 TAHUN 2005 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL TERLUAR

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PERATURAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
NOMOR 78 TAHUN 2005
TENTANG
PENGELOLAAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL TERLUAR
DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,
Menimbang:
a. bahwa dalam rangka menjaga keutuhan wilayah negara, serta meningkatkan
kesejahtereaan masyarakat di wilayah perbatasan, perlu dilakukan pengelolaan pulaupulau
kecil terluar dengan memperhatikan keterpaduan pembangunan di bidang
sosial, ekonomi, budaya, hukum, sumber daya manusia, pertahanan, dan keamanan;
b. bahwa pulau-pulau kecil tertular Indonesia memiliki nilai strategis sebagai Titik Dasar
dari Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia dalam penetapan wilayah Perairan
Indonesia, Zona Ekonomi Ekslusif Indonesia, dan Landas Kontinen Indonesia;
c. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a dan huruf b,
perlu menetapkan Peraturan Presiden tentang Pengelolaan Pulau-pulau Kecil Terluar.
Mengingat:
1. Pasal 4 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945;
2. Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Pengesahan United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea/Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang
Hukum Laut (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1985 Nomor 76,
Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3319);
3. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati
dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1990 Nomor 49,
Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3419);
4. Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 1992 tentang Pelayaran (Lembaran Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun 1992 Nomor 98, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik
Indonesia Nomor 3493);
5. Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 1992 tentang Penataan Ruang (Lembaran Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun 1992 Nomor 115, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik
Indonesia Nomor 3501);
6. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 tentang Perairan Indonesia (Lembaran Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun 1996 Nomor 73, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik
Indonesia Nomor 3647);
7. Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
(Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran
Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3699);
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8. Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2001 tentang Pertahanan (Lembaran Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun 2001 Nomor 78, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik
Indonesia Nomor 3851);
9. Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia
(Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2002 Nomor 2, Tambahan Lembaran
Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4168);
10. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran
Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 125, Tambahan Lembaran Negara
Republik Indonesia Nomor 4437);
11. Undang-Undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 tentang Tentara Nasional Indonesia
(Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2004 Nomor 127, Tambahan Lembaran
Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4439);
12. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2002 tentang Daftar Koordinat Geografis Titik-
Titik Garis Pangkal Kepulauan Indonesia (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia
Tahun 2002 Nomor 72, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor
4211);
MEMUTUSKAN:
Menetapkan:
PERATURAN PRESIDEN TENTANG PENGELOLAAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL
TERLUAR.
BAB I
KETENTUAN UMUM
Pasal 1
(1) Dalam Peraturan Presiden ini yang dimaksud dengan:
a. Pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar adalah rangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan
secara terpadu untuk memanfaatkan dan mengembangkan potensi sumber daya
pulau-pulau kecil terluar dari wilayah Republik Indonesia untuk menjaga keutuhan
Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.
b. Pulau Kecil Terluar adalah pulau dengan luas area kurang atau sama dengan 2000
km2 (dua ribu kilometer persegi) yang memiliki titik-titik dasar koordinat geografis
yang menghubungkan garis pangkal laut kepulauan sesuai dengan hukum
internasional dan nasional.
(2) Pulau-pulau kecil terluar sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf b dan koordinat
titik terluarnya adalah sebagaimana tercantum dalam Lampiran Peraturan Presiden
ini.
BAB II
TUJUAN DAN PRINSIP PENGELOLAAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL TERLUAR
Pasal 2
Pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar dilakukan dengan tujuan:
a. menjaga keutuhan wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, keamanan nasional,
pertahanan Negara dan bangsa serta menciptakan stabilitas kawasan.
b. memanfaatkan sumber daya alam dalam rangka pembangunan yang berkelanjutan;
c. memberdayakan masyarakat dalam rangka peningkatan kesejahteraan.
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Pasal 3
Prinsip pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar adalah:
a. Wawasan nusantara;
b. Berkelanjutan;
c. Berbasis masyarakat.
Pasal 4
Pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar mengacu pada Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah.
BAB III
PENGELOLAAN
Pasal 5
1. Pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar dilakukan secara terpadu antara Pemerintah dan
Pemerintah Daerah.
2. Pengelolaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi bidang-bidang:
a. sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup;
b. infrastruktur dan perhubungan;
c. pembinaan wilayah;
d. pertahanan dan keamanan;
e. ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya.
3. Pengelolaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan sesuai dengan
ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.
BAB IV
KELEMBAGAAN
Pasal 6
1. Pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar dikoordinasikan oleh Tim Koordinasi
Pengelolaan Pulau-pulau Kecil Terluar, yang selanjutnya disebut Tim Koordinasi.
2. Susunan keanggotaan Tim Koordinasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) terdiri
dari:
a. Ketua : Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum dan Keamanan.
b. Wakil Ketua : Merangkap anggota
1. Wakil Ketua I : Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan
2. Wakil Ketua II : Menteri Dalam Negeri
c. Anggota:
1. Menteri Pertahanan
2. Menteri Luar Negeri
3. Menteri Perhubungan
4. Menteri Pekerjaan Umum
5. Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
6. Menteri Kesehatan
7. Menteri Pendidikan Nasional
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8. Menteri Keuangan
9. Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia
10. Menteri Kehutanan
11. Menteri Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Kepala Bappenas
12. Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup
13. Menteri Negara Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal
14. Sekretaris Kabinet
15. Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia
16. Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia
17. Kepala Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN)
c. Sekretaris: Sekretaris Menteri Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum dan Keamanan.
Pasal 7
1. Tim Koordinasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 6 ayat (1) merupakan wadah
koordinasi non struktural yang berada di bawah dan bertanggungjawab langsung
kepada Presiden.
2. Tim Koordinasi mengadakan rapat koordinasi sekurang-kurangnya 1 (satu) kali dalam
setiap 6 (enam) bulan.
3. Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, Tim Koordinasi dapat mengundang dan atau meminta
pendapat dari instansi-instansi pemerintah terkait dan atau pihak lain yang dianggap
perlu.
4. Tim Koordinasi menyampaikan laporan kepada Presiden setiap 6 (enam) bulan dan
sewaktu-waktu apabila diperlukan.
Pasal 8
Tim Koordinasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 6 ayat (1) mempunyai tugas:
a. mengkoordinasikan dan merekomendasikan penetapan rencana dan pelaksanaan
pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil terluar;
b. melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi pelaksanaan pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil
terluar.
Pasal 9
1. Penyelenggaraan tugas Tim Koordinasi sehari-hari dibantu oleh Tim Kerja yang
dikoordinasikan oleh Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan.
2. Tim Kerja terdiri dari 2 (dua) tim, yaitu:
i. Tim Kerja I membidangi sumber daya alam, lingkungan hidup, infrastruktur dan
perhubungan, ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya;
ii. Tim kerja II membidangi pembinaan wilayah pertahanan dan keamanan.
3. Tim Kerja I diketuai oleh Direktur Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil,
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan.
4. Tim Kerja II diketuai oleh Direktur Jenderal Pemerintahan Umum, Departemen Dalam
Negeri.
5. Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai susunan keanggotaan, rincian tugas, dan tata kerja
Tim Kerja sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (10 sampai dengan ayat (4) ditetapkan
oleh Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan.
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Pasal 10
1. Dalam melaksanakan tugas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1), Menteri
Kelautan dan Perikanan dibantu oleh Sekretariat.
2. Sekretariat mempunyai tugas memberikan pelayanan administratif.
3. Sekretariat secara ex-officio dilaksanakan oleh unit kerja struktural di lingkungan
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan yang menangani pengelolaan pulau-pulau kecil
terluar.
4. Ketua Sekretariat ditunjuk oleh Menteri Kelauatan dan Perikanan.
BAB V
PEMBIAYAAN
Pasal 11
Pembiayaan yang diperlukan untuk pelaksanaan tugas Tim Koordinasi dibebankan kepada
Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangundangan.
BAB VI
PENUTUP
Pasal 12
Peraturan Presiden ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal ditetapkan.
Ditetapkan di Jakarta
Pada tanggal 29 Desember 2005
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
ttd
DR. H. SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO

Border Area Development Programme

The program is intended to: (1) maintain the territorial unity of Jambi Province through the establishment of a right guaranteed by national law, (2) improving the welfare of local communities to explore the potential economic, social and cultural as well as advantages in a very strategic geographic location to connect with neighboring provinces.

The main activities to be performed to mefasilitasi local government are:

1. Strengthening local government in accelerating the improvement of quality of life and welfare of the community through: (a) an increase in construction of infrastructure and social and economic infrastructure, (b) capacity building, (c) empowerment and institutional capacity of the government apparatus, (d) increased mobilization of development finance;

2. Increased defense of government in financing development, especially for the construction of economic infrastructure in the border regions and small islands through, inter alia, the implementation of various schemes of development financing such as: giving priority special allocation fund (DAK), and other schemes.

Spatial Planning Program

Spatial plan is the basis or reference for the development of spatial policy across sectors and regions in order to use the space can be synergistic and sustainable. Provincial Spatial Plan (RTRWP) has established norms of spatial utilization of spatial regions. Provincial Spatial contain: (a) the pattern of spatial use of protected areas and aquaculture areas in Jambi Province, (b) the structure of the development of network facilities and infrastructure areas, including residential centers. Therefore, it is very important to take advantage of Jambi Province Spatial arrangement of space as a reference area, which is then translated into RTRW Regency / City.

1. Special Area Development

- Development of fast-growing region, and strategic location;

- Development of areas of potential / prospective, which has the potential wealth of natural resources;

- Development of backward areas, which lack the natural resources and or isolated, including border areas;

- Development of marine-based region.

2. Fast Growing Area Development Policy and Strategic

- Improved and superior product diversification;

- Increased trade flows between regions;

- Improved functionality and small town outside of Edinburgh;

- Improved infrastructure and inter-regional economy;

- Increased investment and business climate;

- Increased cooperation and effort;

- Increased capacity among local governments in economic development regional / local;

- Control of the environmental quality of neighborhoods;

- Improved quality of life.

3. Policy Area Development Profektif

- Improving the investment climate and the ease of licensing in the development of prospective areas;

- Improvement of infrastructure services and facilities prospective areas;

- Increased community involvement and participation in business activities in the area of ​​prospective members;

- Increased local and global economic linkages;

- Increased capacity of government in economic development in the area of ​​prospective.

4. Policy Development of Disadvantaged Regions (Including Isolated and Frontier Regions).

- Increased availability of infrastructure services and facilities in the border region and left behind (as a front porch);

- Increasing the development of large-scale agribusiness in the region left behind and the border;

- Increased security of forestry and utilization of marine resources in the border regions;

- Increased provision of traffic checkpoints between countries;

- Improved security of the state border line.

5. Area Development Policy-Based Marine

- Improvement of infrastructure services and facilities-based regional marine (maritime);

- Increased development of large-scale marine-based industries;

- Development of fishing fleets;

- Increased utilization and development of small islands;

- Increased supervision of the utilization of marine resources;

- Increased security at the beach and sea borders freely.

Cities Development Program for Small and Medium Enterprises

The program aims to: (1) improve the ability of development and productivity of small towns and medium, (2) increase the external functions of small towns and medium enterprises in a 'system of economic development areas "and establish an internal service these cities.

The main activities to be performed to mefasilitasi local government are:

1. Increased growth of small industries in small towns, especially the processing of agricultural industries (agroindustry) from rural areas, through: (a) the development of small industries sentrasentra using appropriate technology, (b) increasing function of the local market; (c ) improving infrastructure and transportation facilities that connect small towns with rural territories;.

2. Preparation and consolidation of basic social infrastructure in urban cities to small and medium enterprises can serve internal and external functions of his city, especially areas that are included in the unit area of ​​economic development;

3. Empowerment capabilities: (a) The apparatus of professionalism in the management and productivity improvements the city, (b) entrepreneurship and management of small and medium entrepreneurs in improving business operations, including the application of 'good corporate governance', (c) the community to participate in decision-making policies urban public in towns small and medium enterprises;

4. Completion of institutional reforms and restructuring of institutions by applying the principles of 'good urban governance in the management of urban small towns and medium enterprises in order to improve the functioning of public services;

5. Empowerment of the city government's ability to mobilize development funds through:

(A) strengthening partnerships with the private and the public, (b) direct loans from commercial banks and the provincial and federal levels; (c) the issuance of local bonds (municipal bonds), (d) extension and intensification of taxes and levies;

6. Empowerment of small and medium businesses the ability, through: (a) provision of access to capital, (b) development of market information for local products, (c) the provision of appropriate technological assistance.

POLICY DEVELOPMENT AREA

1. One government policies relating to regional economic development is to provide autonomy to the regions to implement regional development programs, so that all the accountability, management and financing by local governments.
2. However, as known in spite of regional autonomy, economic development in the area not only from a regional development program (as a manifestation of the principle of decentralization), but also from sectoral programs (as an embodiment of the principle of deconcentration). Both programs were run jointly by the government in order to bridge the gap between the regions economic development progress. However, to date sectoral programs still dominate regional programs, so that regional autonomy is real, dynamic, and responsible yet fully materialized.
3. Strong growth is not yet fully enjoyed equally by society in the region. Interregional economic diversity is partly because the level of significant differences in growth rates between regions, the potential between regions that have been developed, the rate of population growth, inflation, employment by sector, the quality of human resources, facilities available across regions and levels of labor productivity between regions.
4. In addition, disparities between regions due to different economic structures, where the dominant fast-growing sector could encourage other sectors which in turn affect economic growth in the area. Ekonmi high growth will also affect the amount of contribution to the GDP of the Province.
5. inter-regional imbalances in the economy regarding the pattern and direction of investment and allocation priorities among the various regions within the unitary state or province, especially regarding the investment in human resources and investment in physical infrastructure. This in turn will affect the rate of economic growth and per capita income levels between regions in a region, so the likelihood of difference and inequality in the pattern, growth rate and per capita income across various regions in a region within one country.
6. Since 1999 economic growth began to increase, but because most of the districts still rely on economic growth in primary sectors such as natural resources, oil and gas, causing the income gap between regions is also increasing. This is illustrated by the contribution of primary sector is still relatively large, especially for oil and gas.
7. This situation is in fact if not addressed with wise, will affect the economic structure of Jambi Province, which in turn dependent on oil and gas become large, and creativity to encourage other sectors can be reduced.
8. Thus, if associated with a trend of increasing levels of income inequality across regions gives an indication that there is a positive relationship between levels of income disparities among regions with economic growth in the province of Jambi, for several periods. Characteristics very different areas between the western and eastern requires different handling, both in infrastructure and human resources.

handling of community-based flood

Across Indonesia, recorded 5590 the parent river and 600 of them potentially cause flooding. Flood-prone areas covered by these rivers reach the parent 1.4 million hectares. From various studies have been conducted, the flooding-prone regions, basically due to three things. First, human activities are causing changes in the spatial occurrence and impact on natural changes.

Second, natural events such as very high rainfall, rising sea levels, storms, and sebagainya.1 Third, environmental degradation such as loss of ground cover plants in catchment areas, siltation of rivers due to sedimentation, the narrowing of the river and so on.

Flooding not only causes the rice fields were flooded and so can not be harvested and devastated housing and settlements, but also damage facilities social services and community economic public infrastructure, and even casualties.

Greater losses if the disruption of economic activity and government, even cessation. Although community participation in order to control flooding is very real. especially in emergency response activities, but the flooding causing additional financial burden countries, mainly to rehabilitate and restore damaged public parasana function.

The occurrence of a series of floods in a relatively short time and be repeated every year, demands for greater efforts to anticipate it, so the loss can be minimized.

Government efforts that are structural (structural approach), was not fully able to address the problem of flooding in Indonesia. Flood prevention, has been more focused on providing the physical building of flood control to reduce the impact of disasters.

In addition, although the non-physical policy - which generally includes participation society - in the response to flooding has been made, but not implemented properly, does not even fit the needs of society, so that its effectiveness is questionable.

Sectoral policies, centralized, and top-down without involving the community already not in accordance with the global developments that require decentralization, democracy, and participation of stakeholders, especially communities affected disaster.

The question is who is called society? How far can people participate? And at the stage where the public can participate? 

The answers to these questions, should be considered in formulate and implement policies of community participation in flood mitigation. Policy mistakes caused the various interests of the individual / group is more dominant, then the policy used for the benefit of a negative.

As a result policies established ineffective, even canceled. Thus,flood prevention are just mere physical development (structural approach), should be synergized with the construction of non-physical (non-structural approach), which provide more space for the emergence of community participation, so the result is more optimal. From the above, flood prevention policy that is physical, must be balanced with measures of non-physical, so the role of the community and other stakeholders were given the appropriate place.

In order for flood prevention is more integrative and effective, it is necessary not only coordination at the implementation level, but also at the level of policy planning, including community participation and other stakeholders. Based on the consideration that, as an institution which was assigned to coordinate the planning of development, National Development Planning Agency examines a comprehensive flood prevention policy and unbiased sectors and regions, with emphasis on community participation in flood mitigation.

source picture: beritadaerah.com

Spatial Structure

Definition of the structure of space

Space structure is the arrangement of residential centers, network systems and infrastructure systems and facilities. All this serves as a support socio-economic activities that are functionally related hierarchy. Is a form of structural layout and space utilization patterns either planned or not. Utilization of space is a form of structural arrangement of the constituent elements of the natural environmental setting, social environment, and the artificial environment that is hierarchical and structurally related to each other to form layout.

The elements that form the structure of urban space (Sinulingga, 2005: 97, ie

1. A collection of services including trade, governance, financial groups tend distributed in service stations.

2. Collection of secondary industry (manufacturing) warehousing and wholesale trade tend to congregate in one place.

3. Neighborhood as a place of residence of the man and the green open spaces.
4. Transportation network linking the three places above.
The shape and structure of the model space

Shape the structure of urban space when viewed from the service center (retail) is divided into three, namely (Sinulingga, 2005:103-105)

1. Monocentric city

Monocentric city is a city that has not been growing rapidly, its population has not been much, and only have one service center that also functions as the CBD (Central Bussines District).

2. Polycentric City

Development of the city resulted in service by a service center is not efficient anymore. The cities are getting bigger need more than one service centers whose number depends on the number of city dwellers. CBD service functions taken over by the new service center, called sub-center (regional center) part of the city. Meanwhile, the CBD gradually changed from the center of retail services (retail) to complex commercial office activities which may include the power range of services rather than the city area alone, but the area around the city which is also called the city's sphere of influence.

CBD and several sub-center or center part of the city (regional centers) will shape the city into a polycentric city, or tend to like multiple nuclei city consisting of:

a. CBD, namely the old downtown office complex that has become

b. Inner suburbs (areas around the CBD), which is part of the city that had been served by the city CBD underdeveloped and after developing some still served by the CBD but some are served by the sub-center

c. Sub-center, which is the central service which later grew with the development of

d. Outer suburbs (suburbs), namely the reduction of the expansionist activities of the city and is served entirely by sub-center

e. Urban fringe (areas of the city limits), the suburbs are gradually does not show the shape of the city again, but leads to a form of rural (rural area)

3. Cities metropolitan

A large metropolitan city is a city surrounded by suburbs that separated far enough with the urban fringe of the city, but all of them forming an integrated system in metropolitan service area population.

The model structure of space when seen by the center - the center of his ministry include:

1. Mono centered

Consists of one central and several sub-centers are not interconnected between the sub-center is the one with the other sub-centers.

2. Multi-nodal

Consists of one central and several sub-centers and sub-sub-centers that are connected to each other. Sub-sub-center in addition to connecting directly to the sub-center is also connected directly to the center.

3. Multi-centered

Consists of several centers and sub centers which are connected to each other.

4. Non-centered

In this model there is no central node as well as sub-center. All nodes have the same hierarchy and are connected between each other.

Model Structure of Space

Sources: Sinulingga 2005

In addition, some authors have also made structural typology as the following figure:

Typology of Space Structures

Sources: Wiegen (2005)

Understanding the central and sub-urban service centers

The city center is the center of all activities of the city including political, social, cultural, economic, and technological. When viewed from the function, the center of town is the central place that acts as a central service for those areas in belakngnya, supply it with goods and services to, these services can be arranged in order of ascending and descending thresholds depending on the demand for goods . The city center is divided into two parts:

1. The very core (The Heart of the area) is called RBD (Retail Business District)

Dominant activity in this section include department stores, smartshop, office building, clubs, hotels, Headquarter of economic, civic, political.

2. Welcome section called WBD (Whole Business District) which is occupied by buildings that cater to economic activity in large numbers, among others, market and warehousing.

Meanwhile, according to Arthur and Simon (1973), the center is the spatial and administrative center of its territory that has some characteristics, namely

1. The city center is a place from generation to generation witnessed the changes of time.

2. The city center is where the vitality of the town to obtain food and energy, with the spread of activity centers such as government, the location for the town hall, large shops, and cinemas.

3. The city center is a place where people go to work, the place where they "go out".

4. The city center is the center terminal of the network, railways, and public transportation.

5. The city center is an area where we find the course of business, government offices, services, warehouses and processing industries, employment centers, metropolitan economic area.

6. The city center is a major income tax, although small but the value of existing buildings in the city center is a large proportion of all the whole town, because the center has the necessary infrastructure for economic growth.

7. The city center is an administrative function centers and wholesale trade, contains a series of retail shops, professional offices, service companies, movie theaters, branches of banks and stock exchanges. Self-sufficiency in a small town, this area also provides a large trading facility includes administrative centers and transportation required.

While understanding the service sub-center of town is a center that provides services to residents and the activities of most areas of the city, where he has a hierarchy, function, scale, and lower service area of ​​the city center, but higher than the environmental center.

Factors emergence of service centers

The factors that led to a service center, which is

1. Location Factor

Strategic location of an area that causes an area can become a service center.

2. Resource Availability Factor

Availability of resources can lead to a region at the center of service.

3. Agglomeration Strength

Strength of agglomeration occurs because there is something similar to encourage economic activity clustered in sutu locations because of an advantage, which in turn will lead to the emergence of centers of activity.

4. Factors Government Investment

These three factors above lead to the emergence of the service centers scientifically, while government investment factor is something that deliberately (Artificial).

Urban development and spatial structure

The development of urban areas is a process of urban change in state from a state to another in a different time. Highlights changes in circumstances are usually based on different time and space to analyze the same. According JHGoode in Daldjoeni (1996: 87), urban development is seen as a function of the factors of population, control equipment or the environment, technological advances and progress in social organization.

Meanwhile, according to Bintarto (1989), development of the city can be seen from the aspect of zones within urban areas. In this concept Bintarto describes the development of the city seen from the use of land that make up specific zones within the urban space while according to Branch (1995), the shape of the city as a whole reflects the geographical position and characteristics of the place. Branch also noted examples of urban development patterns on flat terrain in the form of illustration such as:

a) topography,

b) buildings,

c) transportation routes,

d) open space,

e) the density of buildings,

f) the local climate,

g) vegetation cover and

h) the aesthetic quality.

Schematically Branch, described the six patterns of urban development, as follows:

General Pattern of Urban Development

Sources: Branch, 1996

Based on the morphological appearance of the city and the type of deployment of the existing urban area, Hudson in Jonah (1999), suggests several alternative models of urban form. Broadly speaking there are 7 (seven) pieces of the suggested model form, that is;

(A) the form of satellite and new centers (satellite and neighborhood plans), the main town with small towns will be intertwined relationship of functional linkage of effective and efficient;

(B) the form of stellar or radial (stellar radial or plans), each tongue shaped activity center that serves both provide services in urban areas and that juts into the plan as a green line and serves as the lungs of the city, a place of recreation and sport center for urban dwellers;

(C) form a ring (or ring linear circuit plans), the town developed along the main roads that circle, in the middle of the area preserved as open green areas;

(D) a linear form beaded (bealded linear plans), smaller urban centers grew on either side of the main urban centers, urban growth is limited only along the main road, the pattern is generally linear, alongside a road usually occupied by commercial buildings and occupied residential areas behind ;

(E) form the core / compact (the compact cores or plans), development of the city is usually dominated by developments thus enabling the creation of vertical concentration of many buildings on a small area;

(F) the form of scattered (dispersed city plans), in the unity of a large and compact morphology there are several urban centers, where each center has a group of special functions and different from each other; and

(G) form an underground city (under ground city plans), urban structures constructed below the earth's surface so that the morphologic appearance can not be observed on the surface of the earth, in the area it serves as a green belt or agricultural areas that remain green.

shape of the city: a satellite, the city star, ring, linear, radiating, compact and underground

Some Alternative Forms of Cities

(Source: Hudson, 1999)

peta kawasan strategis kabupaten jeneponto

Strategic area is an area that has potential as well as specific issues that need priority handling are sectoral and spatial structure, because it has an important impact on efforts to achieve regional development goals within the province.

Spatial planning based on strategic value of the area consists of the national strategic spatial planning area, the provincial strategic spatial planning areas, and strategic areas of spatial districts / cities. Determination of a strategic area at every level of administrative regions based on a very important influence on state sovereignty, defense, security, economic, social, cultural, and / or the environment, including areas designated as world heritage. Influence aspects of state sovereignty, defense, and security is intended for the determination of national strategic area, while those relating to economic, social, cultural, and environmental, which may apply to the determination of strategic areas of national, provincial and regency / municipality, measured by the approach externality, accountability, and efficiency of handling the region concerned.

Determination of Policy and Strategy Strategic Area

1. Strategic area is determined based on the priority level handling, with classifications based on the aspects of defense and security, economic, social, cultural, economic, and environmental.
- Preservation and improvement of functions and the carrying capacity of the environment to maintain and improve the balance of ecosystems, conserve biodiversity, maintain and improve the function of protection of the region, preserve the uniqueness of the landscape, and preserve cultural heritage Papuans.
Strategy
1. establish a strategic area of national and provincial strategic function protected;
2. prevent the utilization of space in national and provincial strategic areas that have the potential to reduce the function of protected areas, except to accommodate the existence of indigenous people and activities that historically has existed in the region tsb.
3. restrict the use of space around the national and provincial strategic areas that have the potential to reduce the function of protected areas;
4. restrict the development of infrastructure and facilities in and around the national and provincial strategic areas that can trigger the development of cultivation activities;
5. develop cultivation activities did not wake up in the vicinity of national strategic area that serves as a buffer zone that separates the protected area with cultivation area awoke;
6. protected function rehabilitating areas declining due to the impact of the growing use of space within and around the strategic areas of national and provincial levels

JALUR PEDESTRIAN UNTUK KENYAMANAN PEJALAN KAKI

PENDAHULUAN Jalur pedestrian merupakan wadah atau ruang untuk kegiatan pejalan kaki melakukan aktivitas dan untuk memberikan pelayanan kepada pejalan kaki sehingga dapat meningkatkan kelancaran, keamanan, dan kenyamanan bagi pejalan kaki. Serta jalur pedestrian merupakan suatu wadah yang tidak nyata akan tetapi dapat dirasakan manusia. Jalur pedestrian merupakan suatu ruang publik dimana pada jalur tersebut juga terjadi interaksi sosial antar masyarakat. Terkadang dalam suatu perancangan kota, jalur pedestrian tersebut terlupakan untuk dirancang agar memberikan kenyamanan bagi para penggunanya. Contohnya, jalur pedestrian yang dipenuhi oleh pedagang kaki lima walau bukan berarti pedagang kaki lima tersebut harus disingkirkan; ketinggian trotoar yang tidak sama sehingga menyulitkan pejalan kaki yang naik turun, dan sebagainya. Padahal jalur pedestrian memiliki fungsi utama yaitu menampung segala aktivitas pejalan kaki dan faktor elemen pendukung yang dapat mempengaruhi kenyamanan pedestrian, antara lain : keadaan fisik, sitting group, vegetasi atau pohon peneduh, lampu penerangan, petunjuk arah dan yang lainnya. Jalur pedestrian yang fungsional memiliki faktor pendukung yang membentuknya, antara lain : dimensi atau faktor fisik ( yang meliputi panjang, lebar, dan ketinggian dari area pedestrian itu sendiri ), aksesibilitas pedestrian, pelaku atau pengguna, frekuensi aktivitas yang terjadi, hubungan dengan lingkungan sekitarnya ( kawasan permukiman, perkantoran, perdagangan, dan magnet kota yang mendukung terjadinya interaksi sosial ). Disamping hal tersebut terdapat pula faktor psikis, antara lain keamanan ( sampai sejauh mana jalur pedestrian tersebut memberikan rasa aman bagi penggunanya, baik rasa aman dari jalan maupun dari pedestrian itu sendiri ), kenyamanan ( apakah jalur pedestrian tersebut telah memberikan kenyamanan bagi penggunanya serta apakah faktor – faktor yang mendukung kenyamanan telah terpenuhi seperti : suasana dan kesan, sirkulasi yang tercipta apakah telah memenuhi standart kenyamanan, elemen pendukung yang lengkap). PENGERTIAN PEDESTRIAN Pedestrian berasal dari bahasa Yunani, dimana berasal dari kata pedos yang berarti kaki, sehingga pedestrian dapat diartikan sebagi pejalan kaki atau orang yang berjalan kaki, sedangkan jalan merupakan media diatas bumi yang memudahkan manusia dalam tujuan berjalan, Maka pedestrian dalam hal ini memiliki arti pergerakan atau perpindahan orang atau manusia dari satu tempat sebagai titik tolak ke tempat lain sebagai tujuan dengan menggunakan moda jalan kaki. Atau secara harfiah, pedestrian berarti “ person walking in the street “, yang berarti orang yang berjalan di jalan. Namun jalur pedestrian dalam konteks perkotaan biasanya dimaksudkan sebagai ruang khusus untuk pejalan kaki yang berfungsi sebagai sarana pencapaian yang dapat melindungi pejalan kaki dari bahaya yang datang dari kendaraan bermotor. Di Indonesia lebih dikenal sebagai trotoar, yang berarti jalur jalan kecil selebar 1,5 sampai 2 meter atau lebih memanjang sepanjang jalan umum. Berikut merupakan beberapa tinjauan dan pengertian dasar mengenai pedestrian, yaitu : Menurut John Fruin ( 1979 ) Berjalan kaki merupakan alat untuk pergerakan internal kota, satu – satunya alat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan interaksi tatap muka yang ada didalam aktivitas komersial dan kultural di lingkungan kehidupan kota. Berjalan kaki merupakan alat penghubung antara moda – moda angkutan yang lain. Menurut Amos Rapoport ( 1977 ) Dilihat dari kecepatannya moda jalan kaki memiliki kelebihan yakni kecepatan rendah sehingga menguntungkan karena dapat mengamati lingkungan sekitar dan mengamati objek secara detail serta mudah menyadari lingkungan sekitarnya Menurut Giovany Gideon ( 1977 ) Berjalan kaki merupakan sarana transportasi yang menghubungkan an-tara fungsi kawasan satu dengan yang lain terutama kawasan perdagangan, kawasan budaya, dan kawasan permukiman, dengan berjalan kaki menjadikan suatu kota menjadi lebih manusiawi. Dengan demikian jalur pedestrian merupakan sebuah sarana untuk melakukan kegiatan, terutama untuk melakukan aktivitas di kawasan perdagangan dimana pejalan kaki memerlukan ruang yang cukup untuk dapat melihat-lihat, sebelum menentukan untuk memasuki salah satu pertokoan di kawasan perdagangan tersebut. Namun disadari pula bahwa moda ini memiliki keterbatasan juga, karena kurang dapat untuk melakukan perjalanan jarak jauh, peka terhadap gangguan alam, serta hambatan yang diakibatkan oleh lalu lintas kendaraan. Jalur pedestrian ini juga merupakan elemen penting dalam perancangan kota, karena tidak lagi berorientasi pada keindahan semata, akan tetapi juga pada masalah kenyamanan dengan didukung oleh kegiatan pedagang eceran yang dapat memperkuat kehidupan ruang kota yang ada. Sistem jalur pedestrian yang baik akan mengurangi keterikatan terhadap kendaraan di kawasan pusat kota, meningkatkan penggunaan pejalan kaki, mempertinggi kualitas lingkungan melalui sistem perancangan yang manusiawi, menciptakan kegiatan pedagang kaki lima yang lebih banyak dan akhirnya akan membantu kualitas udara di kawasan tersebut. Jalur pedestrian selalu memiliki fasilitas-fasilitas didalamnya. Fasilitas jalur pedestrian dapat dibedakan berdasarkan pada letak dan jenis kegiatan yang dilayani, yaitu fasilitas jalur pedestrian yang terlindung dan fasilitas jalur pedestrian yang terbuka. Fasilitas Jalur Pedestrian yang terlindung, dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu : 1. Fasilitas jalur pedestrian yang terlindung di dalam bangunan, misalnya : - Fasilitas jalur pedestrian arah vertikal, yaitu fasilitas jalur pedestrian yang menghubungkan lantai bawah dan lantai diatasnya dalam bangunan atau gedung bertingkat, seperti tangga, ramps, dan sebagainya - Fasilitas jalur pedestrian arah horizontal, seperti koridor, hall, dan sebagainya. 2. Fasilitas Jalur Pedestrian yang terlindung di luar bangunan, misalnya: - Arcade, yaitu merupakan selasar yang terbentuk oleh sederetan kolom-kolom yang menyangga atap yang berbentuk lengkungan-lengkungan busur dapat merupakan bagian luar dari bangunan atau berdiri sendiri. - Gallery, yaitu lorong yang lebar, umumnya terdapat pada lantai teratas. - Covered Walk atau selasar, yaitu merupakan fasilitas pedestrian yang pada umumnya terdapat di rumah sakit atau asrama yang menghubungkan bagian bangunan yang satu dengan bangunan yang lainnya. - Shopping mall, merupakan fasilitas pedestrian yang sangat luas yang terletak di dalam bangunan dimana orang berlalu-lalang sambil berbelanja langsung di tempat itu. Fasilitas jalur pedestrian yang tidak terlindung / terbuka, yang terdiri dari : 1. Trotoir / sidewalk, yaitu fasilitas jalur pedestrian dengan lantai perkerasan yang terletak di kanan-kiri fasilitas jalan kendaraan bermotor. 2. Foot path / jalan setapak, yaitu fasilitas jalur pedestrian seperti gang-gang di lingkungan permukiman kampung. 3. Plaza, yaitu tempat terbuka dengan lantai perkerasan, berfungsi sebagai pengikat massa bangunan, dapat pula sebagai pengikat-pengikat kegiatan. 4. Pedestrian mall, yaitu jalur pedestrian yang cukup luas, disamping digunakan untuk sirkulasi pejalan kaki juga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kontak komunikasi atau interaksi sosial. 5. Zebra cross, yaitu fasilitas jalur pedestrian sebagai fasilitas untuk menyeberang jalan kendaraan bermotor. Permasalahan yang utama dalam perancangan kota adalah menjaga keseimbangan antara penggunaan jalur pedestrian dan fasilitas kendaraan bermotor. Sebagai contoh : The Uptown Pedestrian yang didesain oleh City of Charlotte, North Carolina, membagi permasalahan area pedestrian dalam 3 kelompok : function and needs, psychological comfort, physical comfort. (Charlotte, 1978 ). Hal ini juga diutarakan oleh Hamid Shirvani ( 1985 ) , menurutnya dalam merencanakan sebuah jalur pedestrian menurut perlu mempertimbangkan adanya : - keseimbangan interaksi antara pejalan kaki dan kendaraan - faktor keamanan, ruang yang cukup bagi pejalan kaki - fasilitas yang menawarkan kesenangan sepanjang area pedestrian - dan tersedianya fasilitas publik yang menyatu dan menjadi elemen penunjang.

Aksesibilitas bangunan gedung kabupaten ogan ilir Sumsel

Persyaratan kemudahan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 16 ayat (1) meliputi kemudahan hubungan ke, dari dan di dalam bangunan gedung, serta kelengkapan prasarana dan sarana dalam pemanfaatan bangunan gedung.
Kemudahan hubungan ke, dari dan di dalam bangunan gedung sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi tersedianya aksesibilitas yang mudah, nyaman dan aman yang berupa jalan masuk, jalan keluar, hubungan horisontal antar ruang dan hubungan vertikal di dalam bangunan gedung, kebutuhan sarana transportasi vertikal untuk bangunan-bangunan umum, serta penyediaan akses evakuasi pengguna bangunan gedung dalam keadaan darurat, termasuk penyediaan fasilitas bagi penyandang cacat.
Kelengkapan prasarana dan sarana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi ketentuan tentang penyediaan fasilitas parkir, toilet umum, ruang ganti bayi, dan tempat sampah dan ruang ibadah bagi bangunan gedung untuk kepentingan umum.

Kemudahan hubungan horisontal antar ruang dalam bangunan gedung sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 ayat (2) merupakan keharusan bangunan gedung untuk menyediakan pintu dan atau koridor antar ruang.
Penyediaan mengenai jumlah, ukuran dan konstruksi teknis pintu dan koridor disesuaikan dengan fungsi ruang bangunan gedung.
Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai kemudahan hubungan horisontal antar ruang dalam bangunan gedung diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Pasal 29
Kemudahan hubungan vertikal dalam bangunan gedung, termasuk sarana transportasi vertikal sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 ayat (2) merupakan penyediaan tangga, ramp, dan sejenisnya serta lif dan atau tangga berjalan dalam bangunan gedung.
Bangunan gedung yang bertingkat harus menyediakan tangga yang menghubungkan lantai satu dengan lainnya dengan mempertimbangkan kemudahan, keamanan, keselamatan dan kesehatan pengguna.
Bangunan gedung dengan fungsi parkir harus menyediakan ramp dengan kemiringan tertentu dan atau sarana akses vertikal lainnya dengan mempertimbangkan kemudahan dan keamanan pengguna sesuai standar teknis yang berlaku.
Bangunan gedung dengan jumlah lantai diatas 5 lantai harus dilengkapi dengan sarana transportasi vertikal yang dipasang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan fungsi bangunan gedung.
Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai kemudahan hubungan vertikal dalam bangunan gedung diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Penyediaan akses evakuasi dalam keadaan darurat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 ayat (2) merupakan keharusan untuk bangunan gedung, kecuali rumah tinggal, untuk
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menyediakan jalur dan pintu keluar darurat dan sistem peringatan bahaya bagi pengguna apabila terjadi bencana kebakaran dan atau bencana lainnya.

Penyediaan akses evakuasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) harus dapat dicapai dengan mudah dan dilengkapi dengan penunjuk arah yang jelas.
Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai penyediaan akses evakuasi diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Penyediaan fasilitas dan aksesibilitas bagi penyandang cacat dan lanjut usia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 ayat (2) merupakan keharusan bagi semua bangunan gedung, kecuali bangunan gedung rumah tinggal.
Fasilitas bagi penyandang cacat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1), termasuk penyediaan fasilitas aksesibilitas dan fasilitas lainnya dalam bangunan gedung dan lingkungannya.
Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai penyediaan aksesibilitas bagi penyandang cacat dan lanjut usia diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Kelengkapan prasarana dan sarana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 ayat (3) merupakan keharusan bagi semua bangunan gedung untuk kepentingan umum.
Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai kelengkapan prasarana dan sarana diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.

Conclusion

Causes of environmental degradation is the exploitation of natural resources by humans, either by governments, companies and communities who have an interest and its own access. Thus there contestation and conflict between them. As a result of contestation, the cause of economic inequality in income among the local communities with government perusahaandan. Ironically the result of such resources into the country mostly developed countries. Developed countries live pay, and we finish off the State resources. This further extends from Sabang to Merauke, because the successful development of income per capita assessed. Impact of exploitation has resulted in natural disasters such as floods, damage to marine biodiversity, and others. Therefore, the exploitation of natural resources, can not ignore local wisdom, because it serves as a counterweight to local wisdom and aligning the environment. Similarly, the local knowledge that had been considered unscientific, have no method, but in practice it could prove its existence in minimizing the disaster as a result of degradation and natural phenomena.
  Bibliography
  Agrawal, A, "Indegeneous and Scientific Knowledge: Some Critical Comments. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor ", 3 (3): 3-6. 1995. Amalamien, "Local Knowledge-Based Scientific Research", 2008. Various Sources
  Bryant, Raymond L, Sinead Bailey, "Third World Political Ecology", Routledge, New York, 1997.
  Emil Salim, Sustainable Development ", LP3ES, Jakarta, 1993.
  Hans J. Daeng, "Man, Culture and Environment Anthropological Review", Student Reader, Yogyakarta, 2008.
  Poerwanto Day, "Culture and environment in the perspective of anthropology," the Student Press, Yogyakarta, 2008.
  Herbert Marcuse, "One Dimensional Man: Studies in Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society", Routledge, New York, 2002.
  Johan Iskandar, "Disaster Mitigation Through Local Wisdom", Kompas, October 6, 2009.
  Lester R Brown, "Challenges of Environmental Problems of Man How to Build Community Based Healthy Living Environmental Sustainability", Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta, 1992. Lowe, Celia, "Wild Profusion: Biodiversity Conservation in an Indonesian Archipelago", Princeton University Press. Sub-topic of Reason The Reason for this: 19-23, 2006.
  Nygren, A, "Local Knowledge in the Environment-Development Discourse: From Dicotomies to Situated Knowledge", Critique of Anthropology 19 (3): 267-288, 1999.
  Watts, M, Chapter 16. Political Ecology, in Eric Sheppard and Trevor J. Barnes [eds.], A Companion to Economic Geography. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.. sub-topic of knowledge, power, practice pages 263-265, 2003.

Discussion of Local Wisdom and Knowledge in Society #2

For those communities who have experienced the eruption in 1919, 1951, 1966 and 1990 refused to evacuate because there are no signs of nature such as (1) falling he-he wan wan from the top, (2) birds or other animals are still reads, (3 ) trees around the crater no one has died withered / dry. And again the elder as Mbah Marijan, known as Mbah Ronggo said that in addition there has been no sign of it, he has not received "DI". What is done by mbah Ronggo and community Kelud is an effort of local communities (local wisdom) to understand the natural behavior of volcanic eruptions based on historical experience Mbah Ronggo insisted would not evacuate. And we see with drama Kelud does not end with the eruption even though instrumental technology is supposed to erupt.
Based on the literature of animal behavior changes such as the endangered animals down the mountain, animals or birds fell silent silent (no silence) or wild animals that suddenly become easily captured or domestic animals behaving strangely in the cage, often appear before increasing volcanic eruption phase.
There are various possible causes of this incident between assessments due to the existence of electromagnetic waves and radiation keluarbersamaan with upward movement of magma, causing strain and cracks. As a result of magma pressure at the rock layer caused strain and resulted in the emergence of electromagnetic waves, and cracks that lead to magnetic radiation. Waves and low-frequency electromagnetic radiation hingg high. Strain and low if the radiation caused by magma pressure too low, otherwise the strain and high electromagnetic radiation in-karenakan high magma pressure. Wave and a certain frequency EM radiation will be easy and must be received by the animals as a threat so the animals are behaving unusually.
Examples of local wisdom and knowledge of the other is in South Sulawesi on indigenous Tanatowa, Kajang, Bulukumba. Indigenous peoples have a positive attitude in dealing with nature and environment, derived from religious values, customs, and advice-advice that inherited both verbally and non verbally. The source value is known as the Plug ri Kajang, the ancestral form of message (spoken text) that contains 120 articles and 19 chapters of which contain environmental management system. One section of the message reads: Anjo boronga anre nakkulle nipanraki. Punna nipanraki boronga, nupanraki kalennu (Forest should not be tampered with. If you break it, then just as you damage yourself). In addition, we can also see other article, which reads: Anjo natahang ri boronga karana pairs. Rettopi tanayya rettoi there (Forest could be sustainable because it is guarded by customs. When the earth is destroyed, it also destroyed traditional).
  In that regard, the indigenous people are known to the division of the region, namely first, the area for cultivation to be enjoyed together, secondly, the forest community that every citizen is allowed to cut down a tree, but first need to plant a replacement tree and third, the forest custom (borong karamaq) which should not be encroached upon at all (Andang Basri, 2006). Violation of this provision will be sanctioned indigenous peoples, in the form of the base of the lashes or a fine of certain amount of money, according to the existing 'tanayya, a traditional justice system Kajang. They also have a traditional institution called tau limayya (an organization comprised of five members), led by someone who holds ammatowa, whose primary job regulate tree felling, collection of rattan, honey bees and harvesting in indigenous forests, as well as catching shrimp.
  Kajang wisdom of indigenous peoples in managing their natural resources are articulated through traditional media such as myths, rituals, and messages of the ancestors, but actually contain ecological knowledge, the system of knowledge about the ecosystem functions of forests as a counterweight. Even the description above shows the four elements of environmental wisdom, that value system, technology, and traditional institutions. Not only on indigenous peoples Kajang, in South Sulawesi, there are a number of local people who have the wisdom of the environment, such as lontaraq (book) Sawitto that store of knowledge about how to cut trees for house poles, and the need to replace felled trees with new trees; the role of customary institutions uwaq or uwattaq on society in the Regency Sidenreng Towani Tolotang Rappang in controlling the utilization of natural resources; the role of ritual and Aluk the Toraja people associated with plants and animals; ceremony macceraq tasiq (clean sea) who ever practiced by people Luwu in the past; and others.
In connection with the conservation or development of sustainable environmental management systems, forms of environmental wisdom as expressed is important and can be synergized with modern knowledge systems. It has also been confirmed in Act No. 23 of 1997 on environmental management aspects of human behavior that was a integral part in environmental management. Examples of conservation interest is the initiative put forward in the greening of mangrove communities in Tongke-tongke, Sinjai District on the Eastern Seaboard early half of the 1990s (Robinson & Paeni, 2005). Mangrove planting is intended to protect the village and the local pond society from abrasion. They make the rules logging is done in seven cycles yearly. This effort gave birth to the economic impact, in which residents can obtain additional economic income families by collecting the roots of a dead mangrove fuelwood for household needs. However, recently gave birth to these efforts that involve community conflict concerning the ownership status between the Forest Service Sinjai District has the authority to regulate logging, and the Fisheries Department has the authority to cut down mangroves to be a pond.
Back on the existing legal system, that natural resources control the rights of many people controlled by the State, the participation / presence of local communities, both individually nor communal ignored and defeated by the interests of investors (companies and agents of global capitalism). The government will not forget the importance of tradition or culture of the society in managing the environment, local culture is often considered something that is outdated in the present century, so that planning often does not involve the community, whereas they depend also of natural resources, so much conflict conflict.
  The conflict we can see from the history of forest and natural resource exploitation occurs between the pro and cons, between the communities affected by the company in this case had the permission of exploitation by the State, and also between the community and the State itself as in the exploitation minerals in Papua where local communities are dealing with Freeport, the people of North Sumatra with Indorayon, Community Sumbawa with Newmont Nusa Tenggara, and so forth. When we look at the case, we know that the source of the conflict between another first, as a stronger intervention of capital in the national economic system, as seen from the progress of the State per capita income, thus resulting in excessive partiality to financiers.
Second, the dominance of State or Government in positioning itself as the most entitled to the determination of the direction of development, so that the centralization of decisions and government policies have become a natural thing, ignore the existence of local communities who also have a stake in resource use is the delivery mechanism of the conquest of them. Their knowledge is considered unscientific and has no methods and can not be justified, so that they become marginalized.
Third, the weakening of formal state guarantees and protection of the rights of local communities in legislation nasional.Berbagai problems, such as Freeport, has long received the attention of experts belonging to the structuralist. One approach is the structuralist approach to the actor who introduced Bryant and Beiley through a book entitled The Third World Political Ecology (2001). This approach rests on the concept of politicized environment that has the assumption that environmental problems can not be understood separately from the political and economic context. So the problem of managing the environment is not a mere technical issue.
  According to Bryant and Beily, there are several assumptions underlying the approach of this actor. First, that the costs and benefits associated with changes in the environment enjoyed by the actors is uneven. Second, that the distribution of costs and benefits that are encouraging the creation of uneven social and economic inequality. Third, that the socio-economic impacts that are different from changes in the environment also has political implications, in the sense that there is a change of power in relationships with other actors.
  One of the important actors are the state (state). State has two functions, both as actor and patron users of natural resources, which therefore also states often have conflicts of interest. However, theoretically, much criticism of this country's existence, like that delivered Bryant and Beiley (2001). One of them because the state makes efforts to solve environmental problems, due to the countries in the world is trying to pursue economic development, including trying to attract multinationals to invest in its territory that often times sacrificing the environment.

The second actor is a businessman, both multinational and national companies. The actor is often touted as a force of capitalism. Other actors actors are ordinary people who are the weakest party in this politicized environment. Actor masses are almost always undergo a process of marginalization or susceptible to various forms of environmental degradation. Environmental degradation and marginalization are connected to each of three money. Because, according to Marcuse's One Dimensional Dominate through the book of nature associated with the domination of fellow humans. This happens because human beings and nature is seen as mere commodities and exchange rates so that dehu-manisasi be inevitable and so is the exploitation of nature.
  This happens also because the other actors, such as the state, employers, or any ¬ multinational companies, have greater political power in controlling the use of natural resources than the people. In fact, in the Freeport case of multinational companies have greater power than the state. This then infuriated non-governmental society as other important actors that demanded a temporary closure of Freeport.
  The process of environmental management is better done with more looked at the situation and local conditions so that its management approach can be adapted to local conditions of the area to be managed. This view seems relevant to be implemented in Indonesia by looking at the condition of society and culture as well as the physical elements of each region may have similarities as well differences. Thus, management strategies in each region will vary according to local circumstances. Noteworthy are the values ​​and norms shared by a society which is the wisdom of the community in natural resource management and environment.
  Basically, the original culture of Indonesia has shown that pro-environmental philosophy, such as in Java is famous for its philosophy of Hamemayu Hayunig bawana, Tri Hita Karana Bali and Nature unfurled So the teacher in the Land of Minang. Then there are also various wisdom traditions, such as Sasi in Maluku, Awig-Awig in Nusa Tenggara, Net Village in Java, the Sunda Mountain Nyabuk that add cultural richness of Indonesia's pro environment. Meanwhile, religions embraced by the people of Indonesia, ranging from Islamic, Hindu, Christian, Buddhist and Confucian, also proved to teach its followers to always maintain and preserve the natural surroundings. Even according to him, today some religious organizations in Indonesia have established institutions that are engaged in environmental management. Thus what is meant by scientific knowledge by Lowe named as a reason not the only one who can explain a problem scientifically, but there is also unreason in this local knowledge that can not be ignored its existence.