Regional Spatial Structure of Cities and Transportation System

(Thomson, 2007. 93: City Structure means the size and shape of the city and the distribution of homes, jobs, and other activities within the city (i.e geographical area) of the city, in relation to its population, determines the overal density of development, which is of vital importance for transport).

• Urban Form is the spatial pattern or “arrangement” of individual elements – such as buildings and land use (or collectively, the built environment), as well as social groups, economic activities and pubic institutions-within an urban area;
• Urban Interaction is : set of interrelationship, linkages, and flow the act to “integrate” the pattern and behavior of individual land use, groups and activities into the functioning entities that were described above as subsystems;
• Urban spatial structure formally combines an urban form and an overlay of pattern of behavior and interaction within subsystems with a set of “organizational” rules : subsystems together into a city system.

Principles of Urban Structure and Growth:

• These rules most frequently relate to the operation of three process:
• The competitive economic land market
• The functioning of government and public institutions
• The accepted canons or norms of social behavior

Propositions on Structural Growth:

1. Size > that all systems have some minimum size (or threshold) necessary...
2. Inhomogeneity > ... System may not be the same as those
3. Non-proportional change > ... In the ralationship between the various parts of the systems
4. Growth-form dependency > that the growth of a system determines its initial form...
5. Designer principles > much as an architect does in designing a building, or planner, or developer > laying out new neigborhood

The development pattern Kagiatan City: (Larry S. Bourne, 1982, Internal Structure of the City Reading on Urban Form, Growth and Policy, Second edition, Oxford University Press, New York, USA)

• Unstructured City: Patterns of spread, concentration of activity is unclear, difficult to identify the main activity, secondary and tertiary in an area.
• Structured City: opposite; have the composition and characteristics / patterns of different activities, different levels of density, activity patterns of concentration clearly identified.

Influential factors: the pattern and structure of city

• Geographical features: physical areas / cities; flat, mountainous / hills, river or coastal areas;
• Relative accessibility: ease of mobility (travel time, cost factors, comfort or safety);
• Development control: incentives and disincentives estate development, infrastructure, land ownership and development tax
• Dinamic proccesses: dynamic development activities have accelerated > region that differ between regions.

Components of a Research Proposal

I. Statement of the Problem

The problem statement is the guiding theme of the proposal. This section should include a statement of the purpose of the study and should specify its objectives.

Purpose of the Study. This section should explain why the research is being conducted. It should establish the importance of the problem addressed by the research and explain why the research is needed. For example, it might establish the seriousness of juvenile antisocial behavior nationally and describe the gaps that exist in the knowledge about this behavior. It might also explain why the specific knowledge gap chosen is of particular importance.

Objectives. This section should describe what the investigator hopes to accomplish with the research. After reading this section, the reader should be clear about the questions to be asked, the kinds of answers expected, and the nature of the information to be provided by the proposed research. For example, one might propose to test a drug abuse treatment approach to determine the intervention characteristics that contribute differentially to the success of adolescent boys and girls who participate in the program. Expected outcomes might also include the provision of descriptive information not currently available. An example of this might be a comparison of arrest rates for participants in the years prior to and following participation in the program.

II. Review of the Literature

This section will review published research related to the purpose and objectives described above. It should be noted that references may be found throughout the proposal, but it is preferable for most of the literature review to be reported in this section.

A review of the literature should also relate to the hypotheses, definition and operationalization of variables, methodology and data analysis that follow. It should summarize the results of previous studies that have reported relationships among the variables included in the proposed research.

An important function of the literature review is to provide a theoretical explanation of the relationships among the variables of interest. It is most important that the review explain what mechanisms link the variables. The review can also provide descriptive information about related problems, intervention programs and target populations.

The literature review must address three areas:

1. Topic or problem area: This part of the literature review covers material directly related to the problem being studied. There will usually be at least two substantive areas reviewed because most research involves variables that have been studied in separate substantive areas. For example, a study on some aspect of juvenile antisocial behavior suggests a review of the literatures on anti-social behavior, adolescent development and families at risk. As another example, research on the differential impact on males and females of intervention characteristics in a substance abuse program would require a review of the literature on substance abuse programs, the specific intervention characteristics in question, and pertinent research on gender differences. As another example, research on conceptualizations of work in high stress settings would suggest a review of literature on the stress factors in such settings, the concept of stress and the development of job-related attitudes.

2. Theory area: Investigators must identify the social science theory which relates to the problem area. Examples of such theories might be sex-role theory, theories of deviance, organizational theory, small group theory, family systems theory, or conflict theory. The theory area provides the theoretical "lens" through which the writer chooses to view and understand the problem. It provides guidelines for explaining the etiology of problems and the linking mechanisms that connect variables.

3. Methodology: Investigators must review the literature which is appropriate to various aspects of their chosen method, including design, selection of subjects, and methods of data collection. This section describes research methods and measurement approaches used in previous investigations in the area. This content should be considered in designing the proposed research and used to support the choice of design and measurement techniques. Otherwise, the investigator must explain why s/he has chosen methods or approaches that have not been used previously.

After reading the literature review, the reader should understand the problem area you have selected and the theoretical models, findings, methodologies, and measurement techniques that have been used in previous, related research efforts. The literature review should lead up to specific hypotheses, which are then listed at the end of the literature review.

III. Methodology

Subjects. Subjects can be individuals, families, groups, organizations, states, or countries, depending on the unit of analysis. This section will describe how the sample in the study will be selected. For example, will volunteers be solicited? Will every subject who volunteers be included? If not, what criteria will be used to choose those to be included? Will there be a comparison group? How will the subjects in that group be chosen? In addition to describing how subjects will be chosen, this section should provide a rationale for the selection approach taken. This rationale usually includes external validity requirements (i.e., the conditions necessary to generalize the findings to a particular target population). After reading this section, the reader should have a clear understanding of how subjects will be selected for the proposed research and of why they will be selected in that particular manner. The reader should also have a clear idea of the characteristics of the intended subjects, including age, sex, ethnicity, education, SES, and other related variables.

Design, This section will describe the type of research design to be used. Will it be an idiographic, survey, quasi-experimental or experimental design? Will it be cross-sectional or longitudinal? Will it be a retrospective or a prospective design? The design should also describe the sequence of events that will occur in conducting the research. This would include how the subjects will be divided up, what the subjects are expected to experience during the research, and when and how often they will be observed or asked for information. After reading this section, the reader should have a clear understanding of the overall design of the study.

Data Collection. This section will operationalize the variables to be included in the proposed evaluation. It is helpful to divide the variables into dependent variables, independent variables, and covariates. Dependent variables are outcomes (e.g., drug abuse, self-esteem, depression) which are affected directly by other variables. They might also include variables which are affected indirectly (e.g., arrest rates, recidivism, employment record). Independent variables can include intervention approaches, program characteristics, and subject characteristics believed to affect the dependent variables. Covariates are additional independent variables included in the research solely for the purpose of controlling for differences that might exist among subjects. These differences are controlled statistically so that they will not confound conclusions that are drawn about relationships between independent variables and dependent variables.

A description of how each variable will be measured should be included in this section. Ideally, one should measure each variable two different ways so that some estimate of measurement validity can be made. After reading this section, the reader will know the specific variables that will be included in the proposed study and, most important. how they will be measured.

IV. Data Analysis

This section will explain how the data will be analyzed once they are collected. Usually, more than one analysis is conducted. Each analysis that will be used to meet each objective listed above should be described. Also a description of the specific effects to be examined in each analysis, such as main effects, interaction effects. or simple main effects, should be included.

The unit of analysis to be used should be specified and the reason for choosing that unit should be explained. After reading this section, the reader should know which effects will guide the data analysis and in exactly what way the data are to be analyzed to meet each objective of the proposed study.

Data analyses should be specifically linked to the hypotheses so that it is clear how each hypothesis will be tested.

V. Bibliography

The bibliography should include full reference documentation for all articles and texts mentioned in the proposal. It is important that the investigator fully review relevant previous work in developing the proposal.

VI. Timetable

This section will describe the sequence of activities necessary to conduct the research. It will include the time necessary to complete each activity. After reading this section, the reader will have a clear understanding of what steps will be taken, the order in which they will occur, and the time each step will require

PROCEDURE / STEPS RESEARCH

Outline:

a. Preparation of the draft;

b. Implementation of research;

c. Preparation of research report

2. Flow chart of research activities

3. Selecting Problems; requires sensitivity

4. Preliminary studies, exploratory studies, looking for information;

5. Formulating Problems; clear, from where to start, where to go and with what

6. Formulate a basic assumption; as a foothold, (hypothesis);

7. Choosing the approach, method or way of research, the type / types of research: what critical variables, what object, what the subject, in which the data source;

8. Defining variables and data sources; What will be researched? Data obtained from where?

9. Determine and develop instruments; what kind of data, from which is obtained? Observation, interviews, questionnaires?

10. Collecting data; from where, in what way?

11. Data analysis; require diligence and understanding of the data. What kind of data will determine the technical analysis

12. Draw conclusions; requires honesty, whether the hypothesis proven?

13. Prepare reports; require a good mastery of language and correct

research objectives

In general there are four main objectives:

1. Explorative (Discovery): to find something new in a particular field.

2. Verification (testing): testing the truth of something in a field that already exist

3. Developmental (Development): to develop something in a field that already exist

4. Writing Worksheets (Thesis, Thesis, Dissertation)

ROLE OF RESEARCH

1. Troubleshooting,

2. improve the ability to interpret the phenomena of a complex issue and each hook;

3. Providing answers to questions posed in the field,

4. improve the ability to explain or describe the phenomena of the problem;

5. Getting the knowledge / new science:

RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS:

1. Following the scientific concept

2. Systematic / specific pattern

3. Planned

The research is quite good when:

1. Purposiveness, a clear objective;

2. Exactitude, done with caution, careful, meticulous;

3. Testability, can be tested or reviewed;

4. Replicability, can be replicated by other researchers;

5. Precision and Confidence, Having accuracy and confidence in relation to the population or sample;

6. Objectivity, are objective;

7. Generalization, general Applicable;

8. Parismony, Efficient, is not excessive;

9. Consistency, the data / expression used should always be the same for the word / phrase that has the same meaning;

10. Coherency, There is an intertwined relationship between one part with another part.

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general research

1. Research Survey:

To obtain the facts from the existing symptoms;

a. Looking for a factual description of a group, etc area.

b. Conducting evaluation and comparison of things that other people have done in dealing with similar things;

- Conducted on a number of individuals / units both in the census or sample basis;

- The results for manufacturing planning and decision making;

This research can be:

a. Explorative research (assessment). Open, searching, knowledge of researchers about the problems examined are still limited. The question in this exploratory study such as: What is the most worry you in terms of infrastructure in the area of West Kalimantan in the past five years? In your opinion, how to care infrastructure of good roads and bridges.

b. Descriptive Research. Studying the problem in society, the applicable ordinances in communities and situations, attitudes, views, ongoing process, the influence of a phenomenon, a careful measurement of the phenomenon in society. Researchers develop concepts, gather the facts, but did not test the hypothesis.

c. Research Evaluation. Looking for answers about the achievement of the goals outlined earlier. Here include formative evaluations (see and examine the implementation of the program), summative (conducted at the end of the program to measure the achievement of objectives).

d. Research explanation (explanation). Using the same data, explain the causal relationship between variables by testing the hypothesis.

e. Prediction Research. Predicting phenomena or certain circumstances;

f. Social Development Research. Developed based on a survey conducted periodically: Eg: Number and Percentage of Poor in West Kalimantan, 1998-2003;

2. Grounded Research

Basing themselves on facts and use comparative analysis; aimed hold empirical generalization, define concepts, to prove the theory, developed the theory, data collection and analysis at the same time. In this research data is a source of theory, theory based on the data. Characteristics: The data source is a source of theory and hypothesis, theory to explain the data after the data parsed.

Definisi Penelitian ilmiah

Definition of Scientific Research

thesis, thesis, dissertation and research

An attempt to collect, record and analyze what the problem.

a systematic investigation, or by enterprising and science based on the properties rather than events or circumstances for the purpose will determine the principal factors or will find new ideas in developing new methods.

investigation of a field of science that is run to obtain new facts or principles patiently, carefully and systematically.

effort to discover, develop and test the truth of a knowledge of business which is done by using scientific methods.

thinking systematically about various types of problems whose solution requires the collection and interpretation of the facts.

Of the five definitions of the above can be summarized as follows:

An effort to obtain facts or developing principles (find / develop / test the truth). By means / activities to collect, record and analyze data (information / information) Worked with the patient, careful, systematic and based on science and scientific method.

While the nature or characteristics of the study itself:

(1) passive, just wanted to get a picture of a situation or problem,

(2) active, wanting to solve a problem or test a hypothesis.

The position of his own research in general is to connect: (

(1) The desire of man,

(2) problems that arise,

(3) science, and

(4) scientific method.

the types of Scientific Research

Research can be classified / divided into several types based on certain criteria,

among others by:

1. Objectives;

2. Approach;

3. Places;

4. The use or the results / reasons obtained;

5. Disciplines studied;

6. level research;

7. The technique used;

8. Scholarly;

9. Specialization fields (science) plots.

Here are their respective divisions.

1. Based on the results / reasons provided:

a. Basic Research (Basic Research), Having intellectual reasons, in the framework of development of science;

b. Applied Reseach (Applied Research), Having practical reasons, the desire to know; aims to do something better, effective, efficient.

2. Based on the field under study:

a. Social Research, specifically examining the social field: economics, education, law, etc..

b. Exact research, specifically examining the field of exact sciences: Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, etc..

3. Based on Place of Research:

a. Field Research (Field Research), directly in the field;

b. Research Library (Research Library), implemented by using the literature (literature) from previous research;

c. Research Laboratory (Research Laboratory), implemented in a particular place / lab, usually experimental or trial;

4. Based on the technique used:

1. Survey Research (Survey Research), does not make a change (no special treatment) to the variables studied.

2. Experiment Research (Experimental Research), made the change (no special treatment) to the variables studied.

5. Based on the scholarly:

1. Scientific Research

Using scientific rules (put forward the main points of the mind, concluded with through a systematic procedure using scientific proof / convincing.

There are two criteria in determining the degree / level of scientific quality of research, namely:

1. The ability to provide a clear understanding of the issues under study:

2. The ability to predict: the extent to which the same conclusion can be achieved when the same data found in the place / another time;

The characteristics of scientific research are:

1. Purposiveness, focus on clear objectives;

2. Rigor, thorough, has a basic theory and methodology of good design;

3. Testibility, clear hypothesis testing procedures

4. Replicability, testing can be repeated for the same case or the like;

5. Objectivity, Based on the facts of the actual data: not subjective and emotional;

6. Generalizability, The larger the scope of use of the more useful results;

7. Precision, confidence Approaching the realities and opportunities of the estimated incidence can be seen;

8. Parsimony, simplicity in the presentation of issues and research methods.

2. Non-scientific research (not using the method or scientific principles.)

1. Based Specialization fields (science) plots: Business (Accounting, Finance, Management, Marketing), Communication (Mass, Business, Public Relations / PR, Advertising), Law (Civil, Criminal, constitutional, international), Agriculture (Agribusiness, Agronomy, Aquaculture Plant, Pest Plant), Engineering, Economics (Micro, Macro, Development), etc..

2. Based on the presence of variable (change): variables are things that become objects of research, the staring, which shows both quantitative and qualitative variation. Variables: past, present, future. Research conducted by explaining / describing variables past and present (is happening) is a descriptive study (to DESCRIBE = disclose / describe). Research conducted on the future variable is experimental research.

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